Iyini i-Antenna ye-Helical?
I-antenna ye-helical, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-antenna ye-helix, iyi-antenna yentambo eyakhiwe ngokugoqa intambo noma ishubhu eliqhubayo libe yi-helix enezinhlangothi ezintathu. Ukuphela okukodwa kwe-helix kuvame ukuxhunywa kumqhubi ophakathi womugqa wokuphakelayo, kuyilapho umqhubi ongaphandle exhunyaniswe nendiza yomhlabathi yensimbi noma i-reflector.
I-geometry yayo ehlukile ivumela i-antenna ukuthi isebenze ngezindlela ezahlukene zemisebe kuye ngobudlelwano obuphakathi kobukhulu be-helix kanye nobude besikhathi bokusebenza.
Phakathi kwalezi zindlela,imodi ye-axialkubaluleke kakhulu ku-RF kanye nobunjiniyela be-microwave ngoba inganikeza imisebe eqondisa isiqondiso, i-bandwidth ebanzi kakhulu, kanye ne-polarization eyindilinga. Lezi zici zenza ama-antenna e-helical abe usizo ekuxhumaneni kwesathelayithi, i-telemetry, ukulandelela, ukuxhumana kwesikhala, i-radio astronomy, kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukuqondiswa kwe-antenna kungashintsha khona.
Imvamisa yokusebenza kwe-antenna ye-helical ayikhawulelwe kubhendi eyodwa eqondile. Kunalokho, inqunywa kakhulu ngobukhulu bayo obuphathekayo maqondana nobude be-wavelength. Ngakho-ke izakhiwo ze-helical zingaklanywa ngezinhlelo ze-VHF ne-UHF kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-RF ne-microwave ezivame kakhulu.
Isithombe 1. Isibonelo sama-antenna ajikelezayo asetshenziswa ohlelweni lokuxhumana oluqondisa isiqondiso.
Isakhiwo Esiyisisekelo Se-Antenna Eyisiyingi
I-antenna ejwayelekile ejikelezayo inezingxenye ezine eziyinhloko:
- Umqhubi we-Helical
- Indiza yaphansi noma i-reflector
- Indawo yokuphakela ye-RF
- Isakhiwo sokusekela kwemishini
I-helix ivame ukwenziwa ngocingo lwethusi, ipayipi, noma enye into eqhuba ugesi. Uhlangothi olulodwa luxhunywe kumqhubi ophakathi womugqa wokudlulisa we-coaxial, kuyilapho umqhubi ongaphandle we-coaxial exhunywe ngogesi endizeni yomhlabathi.
Indiza yasemhlabeni isiza ukulawula isiqondiso semisebe futhi isebenza njengengxenye yesakhiwo sokudla se-antenna. Emiklamo engokoqobo, ubukhulu bayo bungathinta kakhulu i-impedance, ukusebenza kwangaphambili kuya emuva, kanye nephethini yemisebe ephumelayo.
Amapharamitha amaningana ejometri anquma ukusebenza kukagesi kwe-antenna:
- D — Ububanzi be-Helix
- C — Ukujikeleza kokujika okukodwa
- S — Isikhala phakathi kokujika okuseduze
- N — Inani lamajika
- α — I-angle yokuma
- L — Ubude obuphelele be-axial
Umjikelezo uthi:
[C=\pi D]
I-angle yephimbo ingachazwa kanje:
[\alpha=\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{S}{\pi D}\right)]
Lezi zinhlaka azikwazi ukucatshangelwa ngokuzimela ngoba ukushintsha ubukhulu obubodwa kushintsha impedance ye-antenna, i-polarization, i-beamwidth, i-gain, kanye nemvamisa yokusebenza.
Isithombe 2. Isakhiwo se-antenna esijwayelekile esinomqhubi we-helix kanye ne-reflector yendiza ephansi.
Izindlela Ezimbili Eziyinhloko Zokushiswa Kwemisebe
Esinye sezici ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ze-antenna ejikelezayo ukuthi isakhiwo esifanayo esiyisisekelo singakhiqiza amaphethini emisebe ahlukene kakhulu kuye ngobukhulu bayo kagesi.
Izindlela ezimbili zokusebenza ezivame ukuxoxwa ngazo yilezi:
- Imodi evamile
- Imodi ye-Axial
Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili kubalulekile lapho ukhetha noma uklama i-antenna ejikelezayo.
I-Antenna ye-Helical yemodi evamile
In imodi evamile, ububanzi kanye nesikhala se-helix kuncane ngogesi uma kuqhathaniswa nobude be-wavelength.
Imisebe iqondiswa cishe ngokuqondile ku-axis ye-helix kunokuba iqondiswe eduze kwayo. Ukuziphatha kwe-electromagnetic kungaqondwa njengenhlanganisela yezinkambu ezikhiqizwa yi-dipole kagesi emfushane kanye ne-loop encane.
Kuye nge-geometry ye-helix, i-pitch angle, ukuhlelwa kokudla, kanye nesiqondiso sokubuka, i-polarization ephumelayo ingaba yi-linear, i-elliptical, noma eminye imiklamo eseduze neyindilinga.
Ama-helice emodi evamile ngokuvamile aminyene, kodwa ubukhulu bawo obuncane ngogesi bubangela ukumelana nemisebe okuphansi. Lokhu kungaholela ekusebenzeni kahle kwemisebe okuphansi kanye nobubanzi obuncane kunomklamo wemodi ye-axial.
Ngakho-ke ziwusizo lapho usayizi we-antenna uyisithiyo esikhulu futhi kungadingeki inzuzo ephezulu kakhulu.
Umfanekiso 3. Iphethini yemisebe ekhombisa i-antenna ye-helical yemodi evamile.
I-Antenna ye-Helical ye-Axial-Mode
Iimodi ye-axial, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi imodi yokuphela komlilo, ukucushwa okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nama-antenna e-helical asebenza kahle kakhulu.
Kule modi, amandla kagesi akhishwa kakhulu eceleni kwe-axis ye-helix, akha umsebe oqondisa isiqondiso.
Umklamo ojwayelekile wemodi ye-axial usebenzisa umjikelezo we-helix ocishe ufane nobude be-wavelength obulodwa:
[C \cishe \lambda]
Isikhala sokujika sivame ukuba:
[S \approx 0.2\lambda \text{ to } 0.3\lambda]
cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezine yobude besikhathi iyindawo evamile yokuqala.
Kumiklamo eminingi yemodi ye-axial evamile, ama-pitch engeli azungeze i-12°–14° avame ukusetshenziswa.
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zejiyometri, amasimu akhiqizwa ngokujika okulandelanayo ahlangana ngokwakhayo eceleni kwe-helix axis. Lokhu kukhiqiza umsebe oqondisayo kanye ne-polarization eyindilinga noma ecishe ibe yindilinga.
Inani lokujika lithinta nokusebenza kwe-antenna. Ukwandisa inani lokujika ngokuvamile kungandisa ukuqondisa kanye nokuzuza ngenkathi kunciphisa umsebe oyinhloko, yize imiklamo ewusizo kumele futhi icabangele ubude bomshini, ukulahlekelwa umqhubi, ukufaniswa kwe-impedance, kanye nemikhawulo yokufaka.
Umfanekiso 4. Iphethini yemisebe ye-antenna ye-helical yemodi ye-axial enemifanekiso enomugqa oyinhloko oqondisayo.
Ukuhlukaniswa Okujikelezayo Kwesandla Sokunene Nesobunxele
Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu ze-antenna ye-helical yemodi ye-axial yikhono layo lemvelo lokukhiqiza i-polarization eyindilinga.
Kuye ngokuthi isiqondiso sokujika kanye nesiqondiso sokukhanya, i-helix ingaklanywa ukukhiqiza noma yikuphi:
- I-RHCP — Ukuhlukaniswa Kwesiyingi Esiyindilinga Ngesandla Sokudla
- I-LHCP — Ukuhlukaniswa Kwesiyingi Esijikelezayo Esisesandleni Sesobunxele
I-polarization eyindilinga iwusizo kakhulu lapho ukuqondiswa okuhlobene phakathi kwama-antenna okudlulisa nokwamukela kungenakuhlala kuzinzile.
Isibonelo, amasathelayithi, izindiza-mkhathi, amapulatifomu asemoyeni, izinhlelo ezijikelezayo, kanye nemishini yokuxhumana yeselula kungashintsha njalo ukuma. I-antenna egobile eyindilinga inganciphisa ukuzwela kwesixhumanisi sokuxhumana kulokhu kuhlukahluka kwe-angular.
Ukufanisa i-polarization kusabalulekile. I-antenna ye-RHCP ixhumana kahle ne-antenna ye-RHCP, kuyilapho i-antenna ye-LHCP kufanele ivame ukubhangqwa ne-antenna ye-LHCP. I-polarizations eyindilinga ephambene ingabangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwe-polarization.
Ukuze kuhlolwe ubunjiniyela,isilinganiso se-axialkuvame ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza ikhwalithi yokwehlukanisa okujikelezayo. Igagasi eliyindilinga eliyindilinga elifanele linesilinganiso se-axial esingu-0 dB, kuyilapho ama-antenna asebenzayo ayisindilinga avame ukuhlolwa ngokumelene nesidingo esibekiwe sesilinganiso se-axial kulo lonke imvamisa efiselekayo kanye nobubanzi be-angular.
Izici Ezithinta Ukusebenza Kwe-Antenna Ye-Helical
Ukuziphatha kwe-antenna ejikelezayo kuhlobene kakhulu ne-geometry yayo.
Imingcele ebalulekile yokuklama ifaka:
Ukujikeleza kwe-Helix
Ubudlelwano phakathi kokujikeleza kanye nobude besikhathi budlala indima enkulu ekunqumeni ukuthi i-antenna isebenza kwimodi evamile noma kwimodi ye-axial.
Isikhala Sokujika
Isikhala sithinta ubudlelwano besigaba phakathi kwemisinga ekujikeni okuseduze futhi ngaleyo ndlela sithonya isiqondiso somsebe, impedance, kanye ne-polarisation.
I-Angle Yokuphonsa
I-angle yephimbo ichaza ukuthi i-helix iqhubekela phambili ngokushesha kangakanani ku-axis yayo. Kuyipharamitha ebalulekile yokugcina ukuziphatha okuzinzile kwemodi ye-axial.
Inani Lamajika
Ukujika okuningi ngokuvamile kwandisa ukuvuleka kukagesi futhi kunganikeza ukuqondisa okuphezulu, kodwa futhi kwandisa ubude be-antenna kanye nobunzima bemishini.
Indiza Yasemhlabeni
Ubukhulu kanye nesimo se-reflector kuthinta iphethini yemisebe engaphambili, i-impedance, kanye nemisebe engemuva.
Ukufanisa Okuphakelayo kanye Nokungaphenduki
Ngisho noma kunezilinganiso ezifanele ze-helix, ukulingana okungekuhle kwe-impedance kungandisa amandla abonakalayo futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kwe-antenna okubonakalayo. Ngakho-ke imiklamo ewusizo idinga ukuhlola ukulahlekelwa kokubuya noma i-VSWR kanye nezici zokukhanya.
Iphethini Nokuzuza Kwemisebe
Kumodi ye-axial, i-antenna ejikelezayo ikhiqiza umsebe oyinhloko ophakathi cishe eduze kwe-axis ye-helix.
Njengoba ubude bukagesi kanye nenani lokujika kukhuphuka, umsebe oyinhloko uvame ukuba mncane futhi ukuqondiswa kwe-antenna kuyanda. Ama-side lobes nawo angavela, ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni ezinde noma ezingalungiswanga kahle.
Ngakho-ke i-antenna akufanele ihlolwe ngokwenzuzo kuphela. Onjiniyela bavame ukucabangela izici eziningana ndawonye:
- Inzuzo
- Inzuzo eqashelwayo
- Ububanzi be-beamwidth yamandla angesigamu
- Isilinganiso se-Axial
- I-VSWR noma ukulahlekelwa kokubuyiselwa kwemali
- Isilinganiso sangaphambili nesangemuva
- Izinga le-lobe eseceleni
- Ubumsulwa bokwehlukana
- Ukusebenza kahle kwemisebe
Le nhlanganisela yamapharamitha inikeza isithombe esiphelele kakhulu sokusebenza kwe-antenna kunenani elilodwa lokuzuza.
Izinzuzo ze-Helical Antennas
Ama-antenna e-Helical anikeza izinzuzo eziningana eziwusizo zobunjiniyela:
- Ukwakhiwa kwemishini okulula kakhulu
- Amandla emvelo okujikeleza-ukuhlukaniswa kwe-polarization kumodi ye-axial
- I-bandwidth yokusebenza ewusizo
- Ukusebenza okuhle kokuqondisa
- I-geometry ekhula kalula yebanga elihlukile lemvamisa
- Ukuqaliswa kwe-RHCP noma i-LHCP eguquguqukayo
- Kufanelekela ama-antenna ngamanye noma ama-antenna arrays
Ukulinganiselwa Kokuklama
Kukhona nezici eziningana okufanele uzicabangele:
- Imiklamo yemodi ye-Axial ingadinga ubude obukhulu obubonakalayo
- Ukuzuza okuphezulu ngokuvamile kudinga ukujika okwengeziwe ngakho-ke i-antenna ende
- Ukusebenza kuncike kakhulu ekuqondeni kwejometri
- Ubukhulu bendiza yasemhlabeni buthinta izici zomsebe
- Ukufaniswa kokudla kumele kuklanywe kahle
- Ukusekelwa kwemishini kuba okubaluleke kakhulu lapho kubalwa khona amathuba aphezulu
- Izinzwa eziphambene ze-polarization ezijikelezayo zingadala ukulahlekelwa okuphezulu kwe-polarization okungafani
Izicelo Ezijwayelekile
Ama-antenna e-Helical angatholakala ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo ze-RF, okuhlanganisa:
- Ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi
- I-telemetry kanye nokulandelela kwezindiza zasemkhathini
- Ukuxhumana esiteshini saphansi
- Isayensi yezinkanyezi yomsakazo
- Izinhlelo zokuxhumana eziqhutshwa emoyeni kanye nezindiza
- I-RF telemetry
- Izixhumanisi ze-VHF kanye ne-UHF eziqondisayo
- Ukuzwa okukude
- Ukulinganiswa nocwaningo lwe-antenna
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-circular-polarization
- Ukuhlolwa kwesistimu yokuxhumana
Kungani Ama-Antenna E-Helical Ebalulekile Kubunjiniyela be-RF
I-antenna eyindilinga iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu sendlela i-geometry ye-antenna elawula ngayo ukuziphatha kwe-electromagnetic.
Ngokushintsha amapharamitha anjengokujikeleza, isikhala, i-pitch angle, kanye nenani lokujika, onjiniyela bangasuka ku-radiator encane ebanzi baye ku-antenna egobile eqondiswe ohlangothini.
Lobu budlelwano phakathi kwe-geometry yomzimba kanye nokusebenza kukagesi bubalulekile nalapho kufundwa ubuchwepheshe be-antenna obuthuthukisiwe kakhulu njenge-antenna ye-horn ejikelezayo, ama-antenna arrays, ama-antenna e-satellite, ama-antenna okulinganisa i-broadband, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-microwave.
I-RF MISO ithuthukisa ama-antenna kanye nezingxenye ze-microwave zokuhlola i-RF, ukuxhumana, i-radar, ukulinganisa ama-antenna, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuhlanganisa uhlelo. Ukuqonda izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ze-antenna njenge-antenna ye-helical kusiza onjiniyela ukuhlola kangcono amapharamitha abalulekile kufaka phakathi ububanzi bemvamisa, inzuzo, i-polarization, isilinganiso se-axial, ububanzi be-beamwidth, i-VSWR, kanye nephethini yemisebe.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngama-antenna, sicela uvakashele:
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-07-2026
