Isixhumi se-antenna siyisixhumi se-elekthronikhi esisetshenziselwa ukuxhuma imishini yemvamisa yomsakazo kanye nezintambo. Umsebenzi waso oyinhloko ukudlulisa amasignali emvamisa ephezulu.
Isixhumi sinezici ezinhle kakhulu zokufanisa i-impedance, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubonakaliswa kwesignali nokulahlekelwa kwayo kuncishisiwe ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa phakathi kwesixhumi nekhebula. Ngokuvamile zinezakhiwo ezinhle zokuvikela ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic kwangaphandle ukuthi kungathinti ikhwalithi yesignali.
Izinhlobo ezivamile zokuxhuma i-antenna zifaka phakathi i-SMA, i-BNC, uhlobo lwe-N, i-TNC, njll., ezifanele izidingo ezahlukene zohlelo lokusebenza.
Lesi sihloko sizokwazisa futhi ngezixhumi eziningana ezivame ukusetshenziswa:
Imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwesixhumi
Isixhumi se-SMA
Isixhumi se-coaxial se-RF sohlobo lwe-SMA siyisixhumanisi se-RF/microwave esaklanywa yi-Bendix ne-Omni-Spectra ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950. Sasingesinye sezixhumi ezazisetshenziswa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Ekuqaleni, izixhumi ze-SMA zazisetshenziswa ezintanjeni ze-coaxial ezingama-0.141″ eziqinile kancane, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwe-microwave embonini yezempi, nge-Teflon dielectric fill.
Ngenxa yokuthi isixhumi se-SMA sincane ngobukhulu futhi singasebenza kumaza aphezulu (ububanzi bemvamisa buyi-DC kuya ku-18GHz uma buhlanganiswa nezintambo eziqinile kancane, kanye ne-DC kuya ku-12.4GHz uma buhlanganiswa nezintambo eziguquguqukayo), buthola ukuthandwa ngokushesha. Ezinye izinkampani manje sezikwazi ukukhiqiza izixhumi ze-SMA ezizungeze i-DC~27GHz. Ngisho nokuthuthukiswa kwezixhumi zamagagasi e-millimeter (njenge-3.5mm, 2.92mm) kubheka ukuhambisana kwemishini nezixhumi ze-SMA.
Isixhumi se-SMA
Isixhumi se-BNC
Igama eliphelele lesixhumi se-BNC yi-Bayonet Nut Connector (isixhumi esifanelana ne-snap, leli gama lichaza ngokusobala ukuma kwalesi sixhumi), esiqanjwe ngendlela yaso yokukhiya yokufaka i-bayonet kanye nabasunguli bayo uPaul Neill noCarl Concelman.
iyisixhumi se-RF esivamile esinciphisa ukubonakaliswa/ukulahleka kwamagagasi. Izixhumi ze-BNC zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zemvamisa ephansi kuya kwephakathi futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana ezingenantambo, kumabonakude, emishinini yokuhlola, kanye nasemishinini kagesi ye-RF.
Izixhumi ze-BNC nazo zazisetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi okuqala ekhompyutha. Isixhumi se-BNC sisekela amaza esignali asukela ku-0 kuya ku-4GHz, kodwa singasebenza futhi kuze kufike ku-12GHz uma kusetshenziswa inguqulo ekhethekile yekhwalithi ephezulu eyenzelwe le mvamisa. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze-impedance ephawulekayo, okungukuthi ama-ohm angu-50 nama-ohm angu-75. Izixhumi ze-BNC ezingu-50 ohm zithandwa kakhulu.
Isixhumi sohlobo lwe-N
Isixhumi se-antenna sohlobo lwe-N sasungulwa nguPaul Neal eBell Labs ngawo-1940. Izixhumi ze-Type N zaklanywa ekuqaleni ukuze zihlangabezane nezidingo zamasimu ezempi nezindiza zokuxhuma izinhlelo ze-radar kanye neminye imishini yemvamisa yomsakazo. Isixhumi se-N sohlobo lwe-N saklanywa ngokuxhumeka okunentambo, okunikeza ukufanisa okuhle kwe-impedance kanye nokusebenza kokuvikela, futhi sifanelekela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kanye nemvamisa ephansi.
Ububanzi bemvamisa yezixhumi zohlobo N buvame ukuncika ekwakhiweni okuthile kanye nezindinganiso zokukhiqiza. Ngokuvamile, izixhumi zohlobo lwe-N zingamboza ububanzi bemvamisa kusukela ku-0 Hz (DC) kuya ku-11 GHz kuya ku-18 GHz. Kodwa-ke, izixhumi zohlobo lwe-N ezisezingeni eliphezulu zingasekela ububanzi bemvamisa ephezulu, zifinyelele ngaphezu kwe-18 GHz. Ezinhlelweni ezisebenzayo, izixhumi zohlobo lwe-N zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zemvamisa ephansi kuya kwephakathi, njengokuxhumana okungenantambo, ukusakaza, ukuxhumana ngesathelayithi kanye nezinhlelo ze-radar.
Isixhumi sohlobo lwe-N
Isixhumi se-TNC
Isixhumi se-TNC (i-Threaded Neill-Concelman) sasungulwa ngokubambisana nguPaul Neill noCarl Concelman ekuqaleni kwawo-1960. Siyinguqulo ethuthukisiwe yesixhumi se-BNC futhi sisebenzisa indlela yokuxhuma enezintambo.
I-impedance ephawulekayo ingu-50 ohms, kanti ububanzi bemvamisa yokusebenza obufanele bungu-0-11GHz. Kubhendi yemvamisa ye-microwave, izixhumi ze-TNC zisebenza kangcono kunezixhumi ze-BNC. Inezici zokumelana nokushaqeka okunamandla, ukuthembeka okuphezulu, izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini kanye nogesi, njll., futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi emishinini yomsakazo kanye nasezintweni zikagesi ukuxhuma izintambo ze-RF coaxial.
Isixhumi esingu-3.5mm
Isixhumi esingu-3.5mm siyisixhumanisi se-coaxial esisebenza nge-radio frequency. Ububanzi bangaphakathi bomqhubi wangaphandle bungu-3.5mm, i-impedance ephawulekayo ingu-50Ω, kanti indlela yokuxhuma iyintambo engu-1/4-36UNS-2 intshi.
Maphakathi nawo-1970, izinkampani zaseMelika i-Hewlett-Packard kanye ne-Amphenol (ezathuthukiswa kakhulu yi-HP Company, kanti ukukhiqizwa kwasekuqaleni kwenziwa yi-Amphenol Company) zaqala isixhumi esingu-3.5mm, esinemvamisa yokusebenza efika ku-33GHz futhi siyimvamisa yomsakazo yokuqala engasetshenziswa ku-millimeter wave band. Esinye sezixhumi ze-coaxial.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezixhumi ze-SMA (kufaka phakathi i-"Super SMA" ye-Southwest Microwave), izixhumi ezingu-3.5mm zisebenzisa i-air dielectric, zineziqhubi zangaphandle ezijiyile kunezixhumi ze-SMA, futhi zinamandla angcono omshini. Ngakho-ke, akugcini nje ngokuba ukusebenza kukagesi okungcono kunokwezixhumi ze-SMA, kodwa ukuqina komshini kanye nokuphindaphindwa kokusebenza nakho kuphakeme kunokwezixhumi ze-SMA, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu ukusetshenziswa embonini yokuhlola.
Isixhumi esingu-2.92mm
Isixhumi esingu-2.92mm, abanye abakhiqizi basibiza ngokuthi isixhumi esingu-2.9mm noma uhlobo lwe-K, kanti abanye abakhiqizi basibiza ngokuthi isixhumi se-SMK, KMC, WMP4, njll., siyisixhumanisi se-coaxial se-radio frequency esinobubanzi bangaphakathi be-conductor yangaphandle obungu-2.92mm. Izici I-impedance ingu-50Ω futhi indlela yokuxhuma iyintambo engu-1/4-36UNS-2 intshi. Isakhiwo sayo sifana nesixhumi esingu-3.5mm, sincane nje.
Ngo-1983, unjiniyela omkhulu weWiltron uWilliam.Old.Field wakha isixhumi esisha esingu-2.92mm/K esisekelwe ekufinyezeni nasekunqobeni izixhumi zamagagasi ze-millimeter ezazifakwe ngaphambilini (isixhumi sohlobo lwe-K luphawu lokuhweba). Ububanzi bomqhubi wangaphakathi walesi sixhumi bungu-1.27mm futhi bungahlanganiswa nezixhumi ze-SMA nezixhumi ezingu-3.5mm.
Isixhumi esingu-2.92mm sisebenza kahle kakhulu kagesi ebangeni lamaza (0-46) GHz futhi sihambisana ngomshini nezixhumi ze-SMA nezixhumi ezingu-3.5mm. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokushesha saba esinye sezixhumi ze-mmWave ezisetshenziswa kakhulu.
Isixhumi esingu-2.4mm
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesixhumi esingu-2.4mm kwenziwa ngokubambisana yi-HP (eyandulela i-Keysight Technologies), i-Amphenol kanye ne-M/A-COM. Kungacatshangwa njengenguqulo encane yesixhumi esingu-3.5mm, ngakho-ke kukhona ukwanda okukhulu kwemvamisa ephezulu. Lesi sixhumi sisetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni ezingu-50GHz futhi empeleni singasebenza kuze kufike ku-60GHz. Ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yokuthi izixhumi ze-SMA kanye ne-2.92mm zivame ukulimala, isixhumi esingu-2.4mm senzelwe ukususa la maphutha ngokwandisa ubukhulu bodonga lwangaphandle lwesixhumi nokuqinisa amaphini abesifazane. Lo mklamo omusha uvumela isixhumi esingu-2.4mm ukuthi sisebenze kahle ezinhlelweni zemvamisa ephezulu.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezixhumi ze-antenna kushintshe kusukela ekwakhiweni kwezintambo ezilula kuya ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezixhumi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, izixhumi ziyaqhubeka nokuphishekela izici zobukhulu obuncane, imvamisa ephezulu kanye ne-bandwidth enkulu ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezishintshayo zokuxhumana okungenantambo. Isixhumi ngasinye sinezici nezinzuzo zaso ezimweni ezahlukene zohlelo lokusebenza, ngakho-ke ukukhetha isixhumi se-antenna esifanele kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi kanye nokuzinza kokudluliswa kwesignali.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-26-2023
