Onjiniyela bama-elekthronikhi bayazi ukuthi izimpondo zithumela futhi zamukele amasignali ngendlela yamaza amandla kazibuthe kagesi (EM) achazwe izibalo zikaMaxwell.Njengezihloko eziningi, lezi zibalo, kanye nokusabalalisa, izakhiwo ze-electromagnetism, zingafundwa emazingeni ahlukene, kusukela kumagama asezingeni elilinganiselwe kuya ezilinganisweni eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Kunezici eziningi zokusabalalisa amandla kazibuthe kagesi, enye yazo i-polarization, engaba namazinga ahlukene omthelela noma ukukhathazeka ezinhlelweni zokusebenza kanye nemiklamo yazo yezimpondo.Izimiso eziyisisekelo ze-polarization zisebenza kuyo yonke imisebe ye-electromagnetic, okuhlanganisa i-RF/wireless, amandla okukhanya, futhi ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokubona.
Iyini i-antenna polarization?
Ngaphambi kokuqonda i-polarization, kufanele siqale siqonde izimiso eziyisisekelo zamagagasi kagesi.Lawa magagasi akhiwe ngezinkambu zikagesi (E fields) kanye nezizibuthe (H fields) futhi aqhubekele ohlangothini olulodwa.Izinkambu ze-E kanye ne-H zincikene komunye nomunye futhi ziya lapho indiza isakazeka khona.
I-polarization ibhekisela endizeni ye-E-field ngokombono we-transmitter yesignali: ngenxa ye-polarization enezingqimba, inkambu kagesi izohamba eceleni kwendiza evundlile, kuyilapho i-polarization eqondile, inkambu kagesi izozungeza phezulu naphansi endizeni eqondile.( umfanekiso 1).
Umfanekiso 1: Amaza kagesi kagesi ahlanganisa izingxenye zensimu ye-E kanye ne-H ehambisanayo.
I-polarization yomugqa kanye ne-polarization eyindilinga
Izindlela ze-polarization zihlanganisa okulandelayo:
Ku-polarization eyisisekelo yomugqa, ukuhlukaniswa okubili okungenzeka kuyi-orthogonal (perpendicular) komunye nomunye (Umfanekiso 2).Ngokombono, i-antenna evundlile eyamukelayo ngeke "ibone" isignali esuka ku-polarized antenna futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, ngisho noma zombili zisebenza ngefrikhwensi efanayo.Uma ziqondaniswe kangcono, kubanjwa isiginali eyengeziwe, futhi ukudluliswa kwamandla kuyakhuliswa lapho i-polarizations ifana.
Umfanekiso 2: I-polarization yomugqa inikeza izinketho ezimbili ze-polarization kuma-engeli angakwesokudla komunye nomunye
I-oblique polarization ye-antenna iwuhlobo lwe-polarization yomugqa.Njengokwehlukanisa okuyisisekelo okuvundlile nokuma mpo, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwenza umqondo kuphela endaweni yasemhlabeni.I-oblique polarization iku-engeli engu-±45 degrees endizeni eyireferensi evundlile.Yize lokhu kungenye nje indlela yokuhlukanisa ngomugqa, igama elithi "linear" ngokuvamile libhekisela kuma-antenna avundlile noma aqondile.
Naphezu kokulahlekelwa okuthile, amasiginali athunyelwe (noma atholwe) ngothi oluyidayagonal ayenzeka ngezinti ezivundlile noma eziqondile kuphela.Ama-antenna ane-polarized obliquely awusizo lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwe-antenna eyodwa noma zombili kungaziwa noma izinguquko ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.
I-circular polarization (CP) iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunokuhlukanisa ngomugqa.Kule modi, i-polarization emelelwa i-E field vector ijikeleza njengoba isignali isakazeka.Uma izungeziswe kwesokudla (ibheke ngaphandle kumthumeli), i-polarization eyindilinga ibizwa ngokuthi i-right-handed circular polarization (RHCP);lapho izungeziswe kwesokunxele, i-circular polarization (LHCP) yesandla sokunxele (Umfanekiso 3)
Umfanekiso 3: Ku-polarization eyindilinga, i-E field vector ye-electromagnetic wave iyajikeleza;lokhu kuzungezisa kungaba kwesokudla noma kwesokunxele
Isignali ye-CP iqukethe amagagasi amabili e-orthogonal angaphandle kwesigaba.Kudingeka izimo ezintathu ukuze ukhiqize isignali ye-CP.Inkambu ye-E kufanele ibe nezingxenye ezimbili ze-orthogonal;izingxenye ezimbili kufanele zibe ngama-degree angu-90 ngaphandle kwesigaba futhi zilingane ngo-amplitude.Indlela elula yokukhiqiza i-CP ukusebenzisa i-helical antenna.
I-Elliptical polarization (EP) iwuhlobo lwe-CP.Amagagasi amise okwe-elliptically ayinzuzo ekhiqizwa amagagasi amabili agqagqene, njengamagagasi e-CP.Lapho ehlanganiswa amagagasi amabili ahambisanayo ane-polarized linearly anama-amplitude angalingani ehlanganiswa, kukhiqizwa igagasi eliyi-elliptically polarized.
Ukungafani kwe-polarization phakathi kwezimpondo kuchazwa yi-polarization loss factor (PLF).Le pharamitha ivezwa ngama-decibel (dB) futhi iwumsebenzi womehluko we-engeli ye-polarization phakathi kwezimpondo ezidlulisayo nezokwamukela.Ngokombono, i-PLF ingasukela ku-0 dB (akukho ukulahlekelwa) kokuthi i-antenna eqondaniswe ngokuphelele iye kwi-dB engapheli (ukulahlekelwa okungapheli) ukuze uthole i-orthogonal ephelele.
Eqinisweni, nokho, ukuqondanisa (noma ukungaboni ngaso linye) kwe-polarization akuphelele ngenxa yokuthi ukuma komshini kwe-antenna, ukuziphatha komsebenzisi, ukuhlanekezela kwesiteshi, ukuboniswa kwe-multipath, nezinye izenzakalo kungabangela ukuhlanekezela okuthile kwe-angular yenkundla kagesi kagesi.Ekuqaleni, kuzoba ne-10 - 30 dB noma ngaphezulu ye-signal-polarization "ukuvuza" kusuka ku-orthogonal polarization, okungenzeka kwezinye izimo kube okwanele ukuphazamisa ukubuyiswa kwesignali oyifunayo.
Ngokuphambene, i-PLF yangempela yama-antenna amabili aqondanisiwe ane-polarization ekahle ingase ibe ngu-10 dB, 20 dB, noma ngaphezulu, kuye ngezimo, futhi ingase ivimbele ukutholwa kwesignali.Ngamanye amazwi, i-cross-polarization engahlosiwe kanye ne-PLF ingasebenza ngazo zombili ngokuphazamisa isignali oyifunayo noma ngokunciphisa amandla esignali afunekayo.
Kungani ukhathazeke nge-polarization?
I-polarization isebenza ngezindlela ezimbili: lapho izinti ezimbili ziqondaniswe kakhulu futhi zine-polarization efanayo, amandla esiginali eyamukelwe abe ngcono.Ngokuphambene, ukuqondanisa okungekuhle kwe-polarization kwenza kube nzima kakhulu kwabamukeli, okuhlosiwe noma abangagculisekile, ukuthi babambe ngokwanele isignali yentshisekelo.Ezimweni eziningi, "isiteshi" sihlanekezela i-polarization, noma uthi olulodwa noma zombili azikho endaweni emile.
Ukukhetha ukuthi iyiphi i-polarization ezosetshenziswa ngokuvamile kunqunywa ukufakwa noma izimo zomkhathi.Isibonelo, i-antenna ene-polarized evundlile izosebenza kangcono futhi igcine i-polarization yayo lapho ifakwe eduze nosilingi;ngokuphambene, i-antenna eqondile izokwenza ngcono futhi igcine ukusebenza kwayo kwe-polarization lapho ifakwe eduze kodonga oluseceleni.
I-antenna ye-dipole esetshenziswa kabanzi (ethafeni noma egoqiwe) ivundlile ihlukanisiwe ku-orientation yayo "ejwayelekile" (Umfanekiso 4) futhi ivame ukuzungeziswa ngamadigri angama-90 ukuze ithathe i-polarization eqondile lapho idingeka noma isekele imodi ye-polarization ethandwayo (Umfanekiso 5).
Umfanekiso 4: I-antenna ye-dipole ivamise ukugxunyekwa yavundlile kunsika yayo ukuze inikeze i-polarization evundlile.
Umfanekiso 5: Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga i-polarization eqondile, i-dipole antenna ingafakwa ngokufanele lapho i-antenna ibamba khona.
I-polarization eqondile ivamise ukusetshenziselwa imisakazo ephathwayo ephathwayo, njengaleyo esetshenziswa abaphenduli bokuqala, ngoba imiklamo eminingi ye-polarized radio antenna iphinde inikeze iphethini yemisebe ye-omnidirectional.Ngakho-ke, ama-antenna anjalo akudingeki aqondiswe kabusha noma ngabe isiqondiso somsakazo ne-antenna sishintsha.
3 - 30 MHz high frequency (HF) izimpondo ezivamile zakhiwe njengezintambo ezilula ezinde ezixhunywe ndawonye zivundlile phakathi kwabakaki.Ubude bayo bunqunywa ubude begagasi (10 - 100 m).Lolu hlobo lwe-antenna luvundlile ngokwemvelo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukubhekisela kuleli bhendi ngokuthi "imvamisa ephezulu" yaqala emashumini eminyaka edlule, lapho i-30 MHz bekuyimvamisa ephezulu impela.Nakuba le ncazelo manje ibonakala sengathi isiphelelwe yisikhathi, iyigama elisemthethweni le-International Telecommunications Union futhi isasetshenziswa kabanzi.
I-polarization ekhethwayo ingase inqunywe ngezindlela ezimbili: noma ukusebenzisa amagagasi aphansi ukuze kusayinwe okuqinile kwebanga elifushane ngemishini yokusakaza kusetshenziswa ibhendi yegagasi eliphakathi elingu-300 kHz - 3 MHz, noma ukusebenzisa amaza esibhakabhaka amabanga amade nge-ionosphere Link.Ngokuvamile, ama-antenna ahlukanisiwe aqondile anokusakazwa kwegagasi lomhlabathi okungcono, kuyilapho izimpondo ezivundlile zinokusebenza okungcono kwegagasi lesibhakabhaka.
I-circular polarization isetshenziswa kakhulu kumasathelayithi ngenxa yokuthi umumo wesathelayithi ohlobene neziteshi ezingaphansi namanye amasathelayithi ushintsha njalo.Ukusebenza kahle phakathi kokudlulisa nokwamukela izimpondo kukhulu kakhulu lapho zombili ziyisiyingi, kodwa izimpondo ezihlukanisiwe ezinomugqa zingasetshenziswa nezimpondo ze-CP, nakuba kunesici sokulahlekelwa kwe-polarization.
I-polarization nayo ibalulekile kumasistimu we-5G.Amanye ama-antenna e-5G e-multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) azuza ukukhuphuka komthamo ngokusebenzisa i-polarization ukuze kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo i-spectrum etholakalayo.Lokhu kufinyelelwa kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela ye-polarizations yesignali ehlukene kanye nokuphindaphindeka kwendawo kwama-antenna (ukuhlukahluka kwesikhala).
Uhlelo lungadlulisela imifudlana yedatha emibili ngenxa yokuthi imifudlana yedatha ixhunywe izimpondo ezizimele ze-orthogonally polarized futhi ingatholwa ngokuzimela.Ngisho noma ukuhlukaniswa okuthile kukhona ngenxa yokuhlanekezelwa kwendlela nokuhlanekezelwa kwesiteshi, ukuboniswa, izindlela eziningi, nokunye ukungapheleli, umamukeli usebenzisa ama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi ukuze abuyisele isignali ngayinye yasekuqaleni, okuholela kumazinga aphansi wamaphutha (BER) futhi ekugcineni kuthuthukiswe Ukusetshenziswa kwe-spectrum.
Ekuphetheni
I-polarization iyimpahla ebalulekile ye-antenna evame ukunganakwa.I-Linear (kuhlanganise ne-horizontal kanye ne-vertical) i-polarization, i-oblique polarization, i-circular polarization kanye ne-elliptical polarization isetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene.Ububanzi bokusebenza kwe-RF kokuphela kuye ekupheleni okungafinyelelwa yi-antenna kuncike ekubhekeni kwayo okuhlobene nokuqondanisa kwayo.Ama-antenna ajwayelekile ane-polarizations ehlukene futhi afanele izingxenye ezihlukene ze-spectrum, ehlinzeka nge-polarization ekhethwayo yohlelo oluqondiwe.
Imikhiqizo Enconyiwe:
| RM-I-DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Amapharamitha | Okujwayelekile | Amayunithi |
| I-Frequency Range | 20-30 | GHz |
| Inzuzo | 15 Uhlobo. | dBi |
| I-VSWR | 1.3 Uhlobo. | |
| I-polarization | Okukabili Umugqa | |
| I-Cross Pol.Ukuzihlukanisa | 60 Uhlobo. | dB |
| Ukuhlukaniswa kwePort | 70 Uhlobo. | dB |
| Isixhumi | I-SMA-Female | |
| Okubalulekile | Al | |
| Ukuqeda | Penda | |
| Usayizi(L*W*H) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Isisindo | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-I-BDHA118-10 | ||
| Into | Ukucaciswa | Iyunithi |
| I-Frequency Range | 1-18 | GHz |
| Inzuzo | 10 Uhlobo. | dBi |
| I-VSWR | 1.5 Uhlobo. | |
| I-polarization | Umugqa | |
| Cross Po.Ukuzihlukanisa | 30 Uhlobo. | dB |
| Isixhumi | I-SMA-Owesifazane | |
| Ukuqeda | Phhayi | |
| Okubalulekile | Al | |
| Usayizi(L*W*H) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Isisindo | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Amapharamitha | Okujwayelekile | Amayunithi |
| I-Frequency Range | 2-18 | GHz |
| Inzuzo | 15 Uhlobo. | dBi |
| I-VSWR | 1.5 Uhlobo. |
|
| I-polarization | Okukabili Umugqa |
|
| I-Cross Pol.Ukuzihlukanisa | 40 | dB |
| Ukuhlukaniswa kwePort | 40 | dB |
| Isixhumi | I-SMA-F |
|
| Ukwelashwa Okungaphezulu | Phhayi |
|
| Usayizi(L*W*H) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Isisindo | 0.945 | kg |
| Okubalulekile | Al |
|
| Izinga Lokushisa Lokusebenza | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Amapharamitha | Okujwayelekile | Amayunithi |
| I-Frequency Range | 93-95 | GHz |
| Inzuzo | 22 Uhlobo. | dBi |
| I-VSWR | 1.3 Uhlobo. |
|
| I-polarization | Okukabili Umugqa |
|
| I-Cross Pol.Ukuzihlukanisa | 60 Uhlobo. | dB |
| Ukuhlukaniswa kwePort | 67 Uhlobo. | dB |
| Isixhumi | I-WR10 |
|
| Okubalulekile | Cu |
|
| Ukuqeda | Igolide |
|
| Usayizi(L*W*H) | 69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5) | mm |
| Isisindo | 0.015 | kg |
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-11-2024
