Onjiniyela be-elekthronikhi bayazi ukuthi ama-antenna athumela futhi amukele izimpawu ngendlela yamagagasi amandla kagesi kagesi (EM) achazwe yizibalo zikaMaxwell. Njengakwezinye izihloko eziningi, lezi zibalo, kanye nokusabalala, izakhiwo ze-electromagnetism, kungafundwa emazingeni ahlukene, kusukela kumagama asezingeni elifanele kuya kuzibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Kunezici eziningi zokusabalala kwamandla kagesi, enye yazo i-polarization, engaba nomthelela noma ukukhathazeka okuhlukahlukene ezinhlelweni zokusebenza kanye nemiklamo yazo ye-antenna. Izimiso eziyisisekelo ze-polarization zisebenza kuyo yonke imisebe kagesi kagesi, kufaka phakathi i-RF/wireless, amandla okukhanya, futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-optical.
Kuyini ukuhlukaniswa kwe-antenna?
Ngaphambi kokuqonda i-polarization, kumele siqale siqonde izimiso eziyisisekelo zamaza kagesi. Lawa maza akhiwe ngamasimu kagesi (amasimu e-E) kanye namasimu kazibuthe (amasimu e-H) futhi ahamba ohlangothini olulodwa. Amasimu e-E kanye ne-H aqondene ngqo nomunye nomunye futhi aqondene nesiqondiso sokusabalala kwamaza endiza.
I-Polarization ibhekisela endizeni ye-E-field ngokombono womthumeli wesignali: nge-polarization evundlile, insimu kagesi izohamba eceleni endizeni evundlile, kuyilapho nge-polarization evundlile, insimu kagesi izoshintshashintsha phezulu naphansi endizeni evundlile. (Isithombe 1).
Umfanekiso 1: Amagagasi amandla kagesi aqukethe izingxenye zensimu ye-E ne-H eziqondile zombili
Ukuhlukaniswa okuqondile kanye nokuhlukaniswa okujikelezayo
Izindlela ze-Polarization zifaka okulandelayo:
Ku-polarization eyisisekelo eqondile, ama-polarization amabili angaba khona angama-orthogonal (aqondile) komunye nomunye (Isithombe 2). Ngokombono, i-antenna ethola i-polarized evundlile ngeke "ibone" isignali evela ku-antenna evundlile evundlile kanye nokuphikisana nalokho, noma ngabe zombili zisebenza ngemvamisa efanayo. Uma ziqondaniswe kangcono, isignali eningi ibanjwa, futhi ukudluliselwa kwamandla kwandiswa lapho ama-polarization ehambisana.
Umfanekiso 2: Ukuhlukaniswa kwemigqa kunikeza izinketho ezimbili zokuhlukaniswa kwemigqa ekhoneni elifanele komunye nomunye
I-oblique polarization ye-antenna uhlobo lwe-linear polarization. Njengo-polarization oqondile noqondile oyisisekelo, lokhu ku-polarization kunengqondo kuphela endaweni yasemhlabeni. I-Oblique polarization ise-engeli yama-±45 degrees kuya endaweni yokubhekisela evundlile. Nakuba lokhu kungenye nje indlela ye-linear polarization, igama elithi "linear" livame ukubhekisela kuma-antenna avundlile noma avundlile.
Naphezu kokulahlekelwa okuthile, amasignali athunyelwe (noma amukelwe) yi-antenna evundlile ayenzeka kuphela ngama-antenna avundlile noma avundlile. Ama-antenna avundlile angasetshenziswa kahle awusizo lapho ukuvundlile kwe-antenna eyodwa noma zombili kungaziwa noma kushintsha ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.
I-circular polarization (CP) iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kune-linear polarization. Kule modi, i-polarization emelelwe yi-E field vector iyajikeleza njengoba isignali isakazeka. Uma ijikeleziswa ngakwesokudla (ibheke ngaphandle kusuka ku-transmitter), i-circular polarization ibizwa ngokuthi i-right-handed circular polarization (RHCP); uma ijikeleziswa ngakwesokunxele, i-left-handed circular polarization (LHCP) (Isithombe 3)
Umfanekiso 3: Ku-polarization eyindilinga, i-E field vector yegagasi le-electromagnetic iyajikeleza; lokhu kuzungeza kungaba ngesandla sokudla noma sobunxele
Isignali ye-CP iqukethe amagagasi amabili e-orthogonal angaphandle kwesigaba. Kudingeka izimo ezintathu ukuze kukhiqizwe isignali ye-CP. Insimu ye-E kumele ibe nezingxenye ezimbili ze-orthogonal; izingxenye ezimbili kumele zibe ngama-degree angu-90 ngaphandle kwesigaba futhi zilingane nge-amplitude. Indlela elula yokukhiqiza i-CP ukusebenzisa i-antenna ye-helical.
I-Elliptical polarization (EP) uhlobo lwe-CP. Amagagasi ahlukaniswe ngokulinganayo ayinzuzo ekhiqizwa amagagasi amabili ahlukaniswe ngokulinganayo, njengamagagasi e-CP. Uma kuhlanganiswa amagagasi amabili ahlukaniswe ngokulinganayo anomugqa oqondile anama-amplitude angalingani, kukhiqizwa igagasi elihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo.
Ukungafani kwe-polarization phakathi kwama-antenna kuchazwa yi-polarization loss factor (PLF). Le pharamitha ivezwa ngama-decibel (dB) futhi iwumsebenzi womehluko ekhoneni le-polarization phakathi kwama-antenna athumelayo nawamukelayo. Ngokwethiyori, i-PLF ingasukela ku-0 dB (akukho kulahlekelwa) kwe-antenna eqondaniswe kahle kuya ku-dB engenamkhawulo (ukulahlekelwa okungenamkhawulo) kwe-antenna eqondile ngokuphelele.
Kodwa-ke, empeleni, ukuhambisana (noma ukungalungi kahle) kwe-polarization akuphelele ngoba indawo yokusebenza ye-antenna, ukuziphatha komsebenzisi, ukuphambuka kwesiteshi, ukubonakaliswa kwezindlela eziningi, nezinye izinto kungabangela ukuphambuka kwe-angular kwensimu ye-electromagnetic edlulisiwe. Ekuqaleni, kuzoba nokuvuza okungu-10 - 30 dB noma ngaphezulu kwe-"cross-polarization" yesignali evela ku-orthogonal polarization, kwezinye izimo okungase kwanele ukuphazamisa ukubuyiselwa kwesignali oyifunayo.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-PLF yangempela yama-antenna amabili aqondanisiwe ane-polarization efanele ingaba yi-10 dB, 20 dB, noma ngaphezulu, kuye ngezimo, futhi ingavimbela ukubuyiselwa kwesignali. Ngamanye amazwi, i-cross-polarization engahlosiwe kanye ne-PLF kungasebenza zombili izindlela ngokuphazamisa isignali oyifunayo noma ukunciphisa amandla esignali afunwayo.
Kungani ukhathalela i-polarization?
I-Polarization isebenza ngezindlela ezimbili: uma ama-antenna amabili eqondaniswe kakhulu futhi ene-polarization efanayo, kulapho amandla esignali etholakele eba ngcono khona. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuhambisana okungekuhle kwe-polarization kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngabamukeli, kungaba okuhlosiwe noma okunganelisekile, ukubamba ngokwanele isignali ethakaselwayo. Ezimweni eziningi, "isiteshi" siphazamisa i-polarization edlulisiwe, noma eyodwa noma zombili i-antenna azikho ohlangothini oluqondile olungaguquki.
Ukukhetha ukuthi iyiphi i-polarization ozoyisebenzisa kuvame ukunqunywa ukufakwa noma izimo zomkhathi. Isibonelo, i-antenna evundlile izosebenza kangcono futhi igcine i-polarization yayo uma ifakiwe eduze kophahla; ngokuphambene nalokho, i-antenna evundlile izosebenza kangcono futhi igcine ukusebenza kwayo kwe-polarization uma ifakiwe eduze kodonga oluseceleni.
I-antenna ye-dipole esetshenziswa kabanzi (elula noma egoqiwe) i-polarized ngokuvundlile ngendlela yayo "ejwayelekile" yokufaka (Isithombe 4) futhi ivame ukujikeleziswa ngama-degree angu-90 ukuze kuthathwe i-polarization eqondile uma kudingeka noma ukusekela imodi ye-polarization ethandwayo (Isithombe 5).
Umfanekiso 4: I-antenna ye-dipole ivame ukufakwa ngokuvundlile esicongweni sayo ukuze inikeze ukuvuleka okuvundlile
Umfanekiso 5: Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuhlukaniswa okuqondile, i-antenna ye-dipole ingafakwa ngokufanele lapho i-antenna ibamba khona
I-polarization eqondile ivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-radio aphathwayo aphathwayo, njengalawo asetshenziswa ngabaphenduli bokuqala, ngoba imiklamo eminingi ye-antenna yomsakazo eqondile nayo inikeza iphethini yemisebe eqondiswe kuyo yonke indawo. Ngakho-ke, ama-antenna anjalo akudingeki aqondiswe kabusha noma ngabe isiqondiso somsakazo ne-antenna sishintsha.
Ama-antenna emvamisa ephezulu (HF) angu-3 - 30 MHz ngokuvamile akhiwa njengezintambo ezinde ezilula ezihlanganiswe ndawonye ngokuvundlile phakathi kwama-bracket. Ubude bawo bunqunywa ubude be-wavelength (10 - 100 m). Lolu hlobo lwe-antenna luhlukaniswe ngokuvundlile ngokwemvelo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukubiza leli bhendi ngokuthi "imvamisa ephezulu" kwaqala emashumini eminyaka edlule, lapho i-30 MHz yayiyimvamisa ephezulu ngempela. Nakuba le ncazelo manje ibonakala isiphelelwe yisikhathi, iyigama elisemthethweni yi-International Telecommunications Union futhi isasetshenziswa kabanzi.
I-polarization ekhethwayo inganqunywa ngezindlela ezimbili: kungaba ukusebenzisa amagagasi omhlaba ukuze kutholakale isignali eqinile yebanga elifushane ngemishini yokusakaza esebenzisa ibhendi ye-300 kHz - 3 MHz medium wave (MW), noma ukusebenzisa amagagasi esibhakabhakeni amabanga amade nge-ionosphere Link. Ngokuvamile, ama-antenna ahlukaniswe ngokuvundlile anokusabalalisa okungcono kwamagagasi omhlaba, kuyilapho ama-antenna ahlukaniswe ngokuvundlile enokusebenza okungcono kwamagagasi esibhakabhakeni.
I-circular polarization isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-satellite ngoba ukuqondiswa kwe-satellite maqondana neziteshi zomhlaba kanye nezinye izi-satellite kushintsha njalo. Ukusebenza kahle phakathi kwama-antenna okudlulisa nokwamukela kukhulu kakhulu uma womabili e-circular polarized, kodwa ama-antenna a-linearly polarized angasetshenziswa nama-antenna e-CP, yize kukhona i-polarization loss factor.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-antenna kubalulekile nasezinhlelweni ze-5G. Amanye ama-antenna e-5G amaningi okufaka/okukhipha okuningi (i-MIMO) athola ukwanda kokufakwa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-spectrum ukuze kusetshenziswe kahle i-spectrum etholakalayo. Lokhu kufezwa kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yokuhlukaniswa kwesignali okuhlukene kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesikhala kwama-antenna (ukuhlukahluka kwesikhala).
Uhlelo lungadlulisela imifudlana emibili yedatha ngoba imifudlana yedatha ixhunywe ngama-antenna azimele ahlukaniswe nge-orthogonally futhi ingatholakala ngokuzimela. Ngisho noma kukhona ukuphambana kwe-cross-polarization ngenxa yokuphambuka kwendlela kanye nesiteshi, ukubonakaliswa, i-multipath, kanye nokunye ukungapheleli, umamukeli usebenzisa ama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi ukuze abuyisele isignali ngayinye yokuqala, okuholela kumazinga amaphutha e-bit aphansi (i-BER) kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-spectrum okuthuthukisiwe ekugcineni.
Ekuphetheni
I-Polarization iyisici esibalulekile se-antenna esivame ukunganakwa. I-polarization eqondile (kufaka phakathi i-horizontal ne-vertical), i-oblique polarization, i-polarization eyindilinga kanye ne-elliptical polarization zisetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene. Ububanzi bokusebenza kwe-RF kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni i-antenna engakufeza kuncike ekuqondeni kwayo okuhlobene kanye nokuqondana. Ama-antenna ajwayelekile ane-polarizations ehlukene futhi afanele izingxenye ezahlukene ze-spectrum, enikeza i-polarization ekhethwayo yohlelo lokusebenza oluqondiwe.
Imikhiqizo Enconyiwe:
| RM-I-DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Amapharamitha | Okuvamile | Amayunithi |
| Ibanga Lokuvama | 20-30 | I-GHz |
| Inzuzo | 15 Uhlobo. | dBi |
| I-VSWR | 1.3 Uhlobo. | |
| Ukwehlukaniswa | Okubili Umugqa | |
| Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Cross Pol. | Uhlobo lwe-60. | dB |
| Ukuhlukaniswa Kwechweba | Uhlobo lwe-70. | dB |
| Isixhumi | I-SMA-Fi-imeyili | |
| Izinto | Al | |
| Ukuqeda | Upende | |
| Usayizi(L*W*H) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Isisindo | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-I-BDHA118-10 | ||
| Into | Imininingwane | Iyunithi |
| Ibanga Lokuvama | 1-18 | I-GHz |
| Inzuzo | 10 Uhlobo. | dBi |
| I-VSWR | 1.5 Uhlobo. | |
| Ukwehlukaniswa | Umugqa | |
| Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Cross Po. | Uhlobo lwe-30. | dB |
| Isixhumi | I-SMA-Owesifazane | |
| Ukuqeda | Paint | |
| Izinto | Al | |
| Usayizi(L*W*H) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Isisindo | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-I-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Amapharamitha | Okuvamile | Amayunithi |
| Ibanga Lokuvama | 2-18 | I-GHz |
| Inzuzo | 15 Uhlobo. | dBi |
| I-VSWR | 1.5 Uhlobo. |
|
| Ukwehlukaniswa | Okubili Umugqa |
|
| Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Cross Pol. | 40 | dB |
| Ukuhlukaniswa Kwechweba | 40 | dB |
| Isixhumi | I-SMA-F |
|
| Ukwelashwa Okuphezulu | Paint |
|
| Usayizi(L*W*H) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Isisindo | 0.945 | kg |
| Izinto | Al |
|
| Izinga Lokushisa Lokusebenza | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-I-BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Amapharamitha | Okuvamile | Amayunithi |
| Ibanga Lokuvama | 93-95 | I-GHz |
| Inzuzo | Uhlobo lwe-22. | dBi |
| I-VSWR | 1.3 Uhlobo. |
|
| Ukwehlukaniswa | Okubili Umugqa |
|
| Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Cross Pol. | Uhlobo lwe-60. | dB |
| Ukuhlukaniswa Kwechweba | Uhlobo lwe-67. | dB |
| Isixhumi | I-WR10 |
|
| Izinto | Cu |
|
| Ukuqeda | Igolide |
|
| Usayizi(L*W*H) | 69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5) | mm |
| Isisindo | 0.015 | kg |
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Ephreli-11-2024
