Kusukela engxoxweni yangaphambilini, nakuba ama-antenna eza ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene, angahlukaniswa kabanzi ngokusekelwe ekufaneni.
Ngokwe-wavelength: ama-antenna anamagagasi aphakathi nendawo, ama-antenna anamagagasi amafushane, ama-antenna anamagagasi amafushane kakhulu, ama-antenna anama-microwave...
Ngokusebenza: ama-antenna athola inzuzo ephezulu, ama-antenna athola inzuzo ephakathi...
Ngokuqondisa: ama-antenna aqondisa yonke indawo, ama-antenna aqondisa yonke indawo, ama-antenna omkhakha...
Ngokusebenzisa: ama-antenna asesiteshini sesisekelo, ama-antenna kamabonakude, ama-antenna e-radar, ama-antenna omsakazo...
Ngokwesakhiwo: ama-antenna ensimbi,ama-antenna ahleliwe...
Ngohlobo lwesistimu: ama-antenna e-single element, ama-antenna arrays...
Namuhla sizogxila ekuxoxeni ngama-antenna asesiteshini esiyisisekelo.
Ama-antenna esiteshi esiyisisekelo ayingxenye yesistimu ye-antenna yesiteshi esiyisisekelo futhi ayingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu yokuxhumana yeselula. Ama-antenna esiteshi esiyisisekelo ngokuvamile ahlukaniswe ngama-antenna angaphakathi nangaphandle. Ama-antenna angaphakathi ngokuvamile afaka ama-antenna ophahleni aqondene ne-antenna eqondiswa odongeni. Sizogxila kuma-antenna angaphandle, nawo ahlukaniswe ngezinhlobo eziqondene ne-antenna eziqondisayo neziqondisayo. Ama-antenna aqondisayo ahlukaniswe futhi abe ama-antenna aqondisayo aqondene ne-antenna eyodwa eqondiswayo kanye nama-antenna aqondisayo aqondene ne-double-polarized. Kuyini ukuphola? Ungakhathazeki, sizoxoxa ngalokho kamuva. Ake siqale sixoxe ngama-antenna aqondene ne-antenna aqondene ne-antenna. Njengoba igama lisikisela, i-antenna eqondisayo idlulisela futhi yamukele izimpawu kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, kuyilapho i-antenna eqondisayo idlulisela futhi yamukele izimpawu ngendlela ethile.
Ama-antenna angaphandle aqonde yonke indawo abukeka kanje:
Empeleni iyinduku, eminye ijiyile, eminye incane.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-antenna aqondisa yonke indawo, ama-antenna aqondisa yonke indawo yiwona asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zangempela.
Esikhathini esiningi, ibukeka njengephaneli eyisicaba, yingakho ibizwa ngokuthi i-antenna yephaneli.
I-antenna ehleliwe ikakhulukazi yakhiwa izingxenye ezilandelayo:
Isici esikhipha imisebe (i-dipole)
Isibonisi (ipuleti lesisekelo)
Inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa amandla (inethiwekhi yokondla)
Ukufakwa kwe-capsulation kanye nokuvikelwa (i-antenna radome)
Ngaphambilini, sibone lezo zinto ezikhipha imisebe ezimile ngendlela exakile, empeleni eziyizinto ezikhipha imisebe zama-antenna asesiteshini esiyisisekelo. Uke waphawula ukuthi ama-engeli alezi zinto ezikhipha imisebe alandela iphethini ethile: angaba ngesimo "+" noma ngesimo "×".
Yilokhu esikubize ngaphambilini ngokuthi "ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zofuzo."
Uma amaza omsakazo esakazeka emkhathini, indlela insimu yawo kagesi eqondiswa ngayo iyashintsha ngokwephethini ethile; lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi i-polarization yamaza omsakazo.
Uma isiqondiso sensimu kagesi segagasi likagesi siqonde emhlabathini, siwubiza ngokuthi igagasi elivundlile. Ngokufanayo, uma lihambisana nomhlabathi, ligagasi elivundlile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona futhi ukuvundlile okungu-±45°.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiqondiso sensimu kagesi singabuye sijikeleze ngokuzungeza, okubizwa ngokuthi igagasi eligobile.
Ukuhlukaniswa okubili kusho ukuthi izakhi ezimbili ze-antenna zihlanganiswa ngaphakathi kweyunithi eyodwa, zakha amagagasi amabili azimele.
Ukusebenzisa ama-antenna ahlukaniswe kabili kunganciphisa inani lama-antenna adingekayo ukuze kufakwe amaseli, kwehlise izidingo zokufakwa kwama-antenna, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukutshalwa kwezimali, kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukuthi asebenza kahle. Ngamafuphi, kunikeza izinzuzo eziningi.
Siyaqhubeka nengxoxo yethu ngama-antenna aqondisa yonke indawo kanye nalawa aqondisa yonke indawo.
Kungani ama-antenna aqondisa isiqondiso engakwazi ukulawula isiqondiso semisebe yesignali?
Ake sibheke umdwebo kuqala:
Lolu hlobo lomdwebo lubizwa ngokuthi iphethini yemisebe ye-antenna.
Ngenxa yokuthi isikhala sinezinhlangothi ezintathu, lo mbono osuka phezulu uye phansi kanye nombono osuka phambili uye emuva unikeza indlela ecacile neqondakalayo yokubona ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla emisebe ye-antenna.
Isithombe esingenhla futhi siyiphethini yemisebe ye-antenna ekhiqizwa yi-dipoles ezimbili ezilinganayo zamagagasi ayisithupha, ezifana kancane nethayi elilele phansi.
Uma sikhuluma ngalokho, esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-antenna ububanzi bayo bemisebe.
Singayenza kanjani le antenna ikhanye kakhulu?
Impendulo iwukuthi—ngokuyishaya!
Manje ibanga lemisebe lizoba likhulu kakhulu...
Inkinga iwukuthi, imisebe ayibonakali futhi ayibonakali; awukwazi ukuyibona noma ukuyithinta, futhi awukwazi nokuyithatha isithombe.
Ngokwethiyori ye-antenna, uma ufuna "ukuyishaya", indlela efanele iwukwandisa inani lezinto ezikhipha imisebe.
Uma izakhi zikhanya kakhulu, iphethini yemisebe iba yisicaba...
Kulungile, ithayi libekwe phansi laba yidiski, ububanzi besiginali buyanwetshwa, futhi likhanya kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, ama-degree angu-360; liyi-antenna eqondisa yonke indawo. Lolu hlobo lwe-antenna luhle kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezikude, ezivulekile. Kodwa-ke, edolobheni, lolu hlobo lwe-antenna kunzima ukulusebenzisa ngempumelelo.
Emadolobheni, lapho kunabantu abaningi khona kanye nezakhiwo eziningi, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ama-antenna aqondisa izinkomba ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngesembozo sesignali ezindaweni ezithile.
Ngakho-ke, sidinga "ukushintsha" i-antenna eqondisa yonke indawo.
Okokuqala, sidinga ukuthola indlela "yokucindezela" uhlangothi olulodwa lwayo:
Siyicindezela kanjani? Sifaka i-reflector bese siyibeka ohlangothini olulodwa. Bese, sisebenzisa ama-transducer amaningi ukuze "sigxile" amaza omsindo.
Ekugcineni, iphethini yemisebe esiyitholile ibukeka kanje:
Kumdwebo, i-lobe enamandla amakhulu kakhulu emisebe ibizwa ngokuthi i-lobe eyinhloko, kuyilapho ama-lobe asele ebizwa ngokuthi ama-side lobes noma ama-secondary lobes, futhi kukhona nomsila omncane ngemuva obizwa ngokuthi i-back lobe.
Uh, lesi simo sibukeka njenge... isitshalo seqanda?
Ngokuphathelene nalesi "sitshalo seqanda," ungasisebenzisa kanjani kangcono isignali yaso?
Ukuyibamba umi emgwaqweni ngeke kusebenze nhlobo; kunezithiyo eziningi kakhulu.
Uma umi phezulu, ubona kude, ngakho-ke sidinga ngempela ukugxila endaweni ephakeme.
Uma usezindaweni eziphakeme, uyiqondisa kanjani i-antenna iye phansi? Kulula kakhulu, mane uyitshekise i-antenna iye phansi, akunjalo?
Yebo, ukutshekisa i-antenna ngqo ngesikhathi sokufakwa kuyindlela eyodwa, esiyibiza ngokuthi "ukutshekisa phansi ngomshini."
Ama-antenna esimanje wonke analo leli khono ngesikhathi sokufakwa; ingalo yomshini iyayinakekela.
Kodwa-ke, ukujikijela phansi ngomshini nakho kuveza inkinga—
Uma usebenzisa i-mechanical downtilting, ubukhulu bezingxenye eziqondile nezivundlile ze-antenna abushintshi, okuholela ekuphazamisekeni okukhulu kwephethini ye-antenna.
Lokhu ngeke kusebenze nhlobo, njengoba kuzothinta ukumbozwa kwesiginali. Ngakho-ke, sasebenzisa enye indlela, okungukuthi ukwehlisa ijubane ngogesi, noma ukwehlisa ijubane ngogesi.
Ngamafuphi, ukwehla kukagesi kuhilela ukugcina i-engeli yomzimba we-antenna ingashintshi, kanye nokulungisa isigaba sezinto ze-antenna ukuze kushintshwe amandla ensimu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthambekela komshini, ama-antenna athambekele phansi ngogesi abonisa ushintsho oluncane endleleni yawo yokukhanya, avumela ama-engeli amakhulu okuthambekela phansi, futhi kokubili i-lobe eyinhloko kanye ne-lobe yangemuva kuqondiswe phansi.
Yiqiniso, ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo, ukuthambekela komshini kanye nokuthambekela kukagesi kuvame ukusetshenziswa ndawonye.
Ngemva kokusebenzisa i-downtilt, kubukeka kanje:
Kulesi simo, ububanzi obukhulu bemisebe ye-antenna busetshenziswa kahle kakhulu.
Noma kunjalo, kusenezinkinga:
1. Kukhona i-null ephethini yemisebe phakathi kwe-lobe eyinhloko ne-lobe eseceleni engezansi, okudala indawo engabonakali yesignali kuleyo ndawo. Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umphumela wesithunzi."
2. I-lobe eseceleni engenhla ine-engeli ephezulu, ethinta izindawo ezikude kakhulu futhi ibangela kalula ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwamaseli, okusho ukuthi isignali izothinta amanye amaseli.
Ngakho-ke, kumelwe silwele ukugcwalisa igebe "ekujuleni okuphansi okungenalutho" futhi sicindezele ukuqina "kwe-sidelobe ephezulu."
Izindlela ezithile zihilela ukulungisa izinga le-sidelobe nokusebenzisa amasu anjengokwenza i-beamforming. Imininingwane yobuchwepheshe iyinkimbinkimbi kancane. Uma unesithakazelo, ungasesha ulwazi olufanele wena ngokwakho.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngama-antenna, sicela uvakashele:
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-04-2025
