Njengoba amadivayisi angenantambo ekhula, izinsizakalo zedatha zingene enkathini entsha yentuthuko esheshayo, eyaziwa nangokuthi ukukhula okukhulu kwezinsizakalo zedatha. Njengamanje, inani elikhulu lezinhlelo zokusebenza lihamba kancane kancane lisuka kumakhompyutha liye kumadivayisi angenantambo njengezingcingo eziphathwayo okulula ukuziphatha nokusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela, kodwa lesi simo siholele ekwandeni okusheshayo kwethrafikhi yedatha kanye nokuntuleka kwezinsizakusebenza ze-bandwidth. Ngokwezibalo, izinga ledatha emakethe lingafinyelela ku-Gbps noma ngisho ne-Tbps eminyakeni eyi-10 kuya kweyi-15 ezayo. Njengamanje, ukuxhumana kwe-THz kufinyelele izinga ledatha le-Gbps, kuyilapho izinga ledatha le-Tbps lisesezigabeni zokuqala zentuthuko. Iphepha elihlobene libala intuthuko yakamuva kumazinga edatha ye-Gbps ngokusekelwe kubhendi ye-THz futhi libikezela ukuthi i-Tbps ingatholakala nge-polarization multiplexing. Ngakho-ke, ukwandisa izinga lokudluliswa kwedatha, ikhambi elisebenzayo ukuthuthukisa ibhendi entsha yemvamisa, okuyibhendi ye-terahertz, esendaweni "engenalutho" phakathi kwama-microwave nokukhanya kwe-infrared. Engqungqutheleni Yokuxhumana Ngomsakazo Yomhlaba ye-ITU (i-WRC-19) ngo-2019, ububanzi bemvamisa obungu-275-450GHz busetshenziswe kumasevisi eselula angaguquki kanye nawasemhlabeni. Kungabonakala ukuthi izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingenantambo ze-terahertz zidonsele ukunaka kwabacwaningi abaningi.
Amagagasi kagesi e-Terahertz ngokuvamile achazwa njengebhendi yemvamisa engu-0.1-10THz (1THz=1012Hz) enobude be-wavelength obungu-0.03-3 mm. Ngokwezinga le-IEEE, amagagasi e-terahertz achazwa njengo-0.3-10THz. Isibalo 1 sibonisa ukuthi ibhendi yemvamisa ye-terahertz iphakathi kwama-microwave nokukhanya kwe-infrared.
Umfanekiso 1 Umdwebo weskimu webhendi yemvamisa ye-THz.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-Antenna e-Terahertz
Nakuba ucwaningo lwe-terahertz lwaqala ngekhulu le-19, aluzange lufundwe njengomkhakha ozimele ngaleso sikhathi. Ucwaningo ngemisebe ye-terahertz lwalugxile kakhulu ebhendini le-infrared elikude. Kwaze kwaba maphakathi kuya ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 lapho abacwaningi baqala khona ukuqhubekisela phambili ucwaningo lwamagagasi e-millimeter ebhendini le-terahertz futhi benza ucwaningo lobuchwepheshe be-terahertz olukhethekile.
Ngawo-1980, ukuvela kwemithombo yemisebe ye-terahertz kwenza ukusetshenziswa kwamagagasi e-terahertz ezinhlelweni ezisebenzayo kwaba nokwenzeka. Kusukela ngekhulu lama-21, ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obungenantambo buthuthuke ngokushesha, futhi isidingo sabantu solwazi kanye nokwanda kwemishini yokuxhumana kubeke phambili izidingo eziqinile kakhulu ezingeni lokudluliswa kwedatha yokuxhumana. Ngakho-ke, enye yezinselelo zobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana besikhathi esizayo ukusebenza ngesilinganiso sedatha esiphezulu sama-gigabits ngomzuzwana endaweni eyodwa. Ngaphansi kwentuthuko yamanje yezomnotho, izinsiza ze-spectrum ziye zaba yindlala kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, izidingo zabantu zomthamo wokuxhumana kanye nesivinini azipheli. Ngenkinga yokuminyana kwe-spectrum, izinkampani eziningi zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-spectrum kanye nomthamo wesistimu ngokusebenzisa i-spatial multiplexing. Ngokuthuthuka kwamanethiwekhi e-5G, isivinini sokuxhumeka kwedatha somsebenzisi ngamunye sizodlula i-Gbps, futhi ithrafikhi yedatha yeziteshi eziyisisekelo nayo izokhula kakhulu. Ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana zamagagasi e-millimeter zendabuko, izixhumanisi ze-microwave ngeke zikwazi ukuphatha le mifudlana yedatha emikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yethonya lomugqa wokubona, ibanga lokudlulisela lokuxhumana kwe-infrared lifushane futhi indawo yemishini yayo yokuxhumana izinzile. Ngakho-ke, amagagasi e-THZ, aphakathi kwama-microwave ne-infrared, angasetshenziswa ukwakha izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezisheshayo nokwandisa amazinga okudlulisela idatha ngokusebenzisa izixhumanisi ze-THZ.
Amagagasi eTerahertz anganikeza ububanzi bokuxhumana, futhi ububanzi bawo bokuvama bucishe bube yi-1000 kunokuxhumana kweselula. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa i-THZ ukwakha izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingenantambo ezisheshayo kakhulu kuyisisombululo esithembisayo senselelo yamazinga aphezulu edatha, okudonsele intshisekelo yamaqembu amaningi ocwaningo kanye nezimboni. NgoSepthemba 2017, kwakhishwa indinganiso yokuqala yokuxhumana engenantambo ye-THZ i-IEEE 802.15.3d-2017, echaza ukushintshaniswa kwedatha okuqondile endaweni ephansi yemvamisa ye-THZ engu-252-325 GHz. Ingqimba ehlukile yomzimba (PHY) yesixhumanisi ingafinyelela amazinga edatha afinyelela ku-100 Gbps kuma-bandwidth ahlukene.
Uhlelo lokuqala lokuxhumana lwe-THZ oluphumelele lwe-0.12 THz lwasungulwa ngo-2004, kanti uhlelo lokuxhumana lwe-THZ lwe-0.3 THz lwaqalwa ngo-2013. Ithebula 1 libala inqubekela phambili yocwaningo lwezinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-terahertz eJapane kusukela ngo-2004 kuya ku-2013.
Ithebula 1 Inqubekela phambili yocwaningo lwezinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-terahertz eJapane kusukela ngo-2004 kuya ku-2013
Isakhiwo se-antenna sohlelo lokuxhumana olwasungulwa ngo-2004 sachazwa ngokuningiliziwe yi-Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) ngo-2005. Ukucushwa kwe-antenna kwethulwa ezimweni ezimbili, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.
Umfanekiso 2 Umdwebo wesimiso wohlelo lokuxhumana olungenantambo lwe-NTT 120 GHz lwaseJapan
Uhlelo luhlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric kanye ne-antenna futhi lusebenzisa izindlela ezimbili zokusebenza:
1. Endaweni yangaphakathi eseduze, i-antenna transmitter esetshenziswa ngaphakathi iqukethe i-single-line carrier photodiode (UTC-PD) chip, i-planar slot antenna kanye ne-silicon lens, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2(a).
2. Endaweni engaphandle ekude, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ithonya lokulahlekelwa okukhulu kokudlulisela kanye nokuzwela okuphansi kwe-detector, i-antenna yokudlulisa kumele ibe nokukhuluphala okuphezulu. I-antenna ekhona ye-terahertz isebenzisa ilensi ye-Gaussian optical enokukhuluphala okungaphezu kwama-50 dBi. Inhlanganisela ye-feed horn kanye nelensi ye-dielectric iboniswe kuMfanekiso 2(b).
Ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokuxhumana lwe-0.12 THz, i-NTT iphinde yathuthukisa uhlelo lokuxhumana lwe-0.3THz ngo-2012. Ngokusebenzisa kahle okuqhubekayo, izinga lokudlulisa lingafinyelela ku-100Gbps. Njengoba kungabonakala kuThebula 1, ibe negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kokuxhumana kwe-terahertz. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wocwaningo wamanje unezinkinga zokuvama kokusebenza okuphansi, usayizi omkhulu kanye nezindleko eziphakeme.
Iningi lama-antenna e-terahertz asetshenziswa njengamanje aguqulwe kusuka kuma-antenna e-millimeter wave, futhi akukho okusha okukhona kuma-antenna e-terahertz. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-terahertz, umsebenzi obalulekile ukwenza ngcono ama-antenna e-terahertz. Ithebula 2 libala inqubekela phambili yocwaningo lokuxhumana kwe-German THz. Isibalo 3 (a) sibonisa uhlelo lokuxhumana olungenantambo lwe-THZ olumele oluhlanganisa ama-photonics nama-electronics. Isibalo 3 (b) sibonisa indawo yokuhlola umhubhe womoya. Uma sibheka isimo samanje socwaningo eJalimane, ucwaningo nentuthuko yalo lunezinkinga ezifana nemvamisa yokusebenza ephansi, izindleko eziphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphansi.
Ithebula 2 Intuthuko yocwaningo lokuxhumana kwe-THZ eJalimane
Umfanekiso 3 Indawo yokuhlola umhubhe womoya
Isikhungo se-CSIRO ICT siqalise ucwaningo ngezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingenantambo zangaphakathi ze-THz. Lesi sikhungo sifunde ubudlelwano phakathi konyaka kanye nemvamisa yokuxhumana, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Njengoba kungabonakala kuMfanekiso 4, ngo-2020, ucwaningo ngokuxhumana okungenantambo luvame ukuba sebhendini ye-THz. Imvamisa yokuxhumana ephezulu esebenzisa i-spectrum yomsakazo iyanda cishe izikhathi eziyishumi njalo eminyakeni engamashumi amabili. Lesi sikhungo senze izincomo ngezidingo zama-antenna e-THz futhi saphakamisa ama-antenna endabuko afana nezimpondo namalensi ezinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-THz. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5, ama-antenna amabili empondo asebenza ku-0.84THz kanye no-1.7THz ngokulandelana, ngesakhiwo esilula kanye nokusebenza okuhle kwe-Gaussian beam.
Umfanekiso 4 Ubudlelwano phakathi konyaka kanye nobuningi
RM-BDHA818-20A
I-RM-DCPHA105145-20
Umfanekiso 5 Izinhlobo ezimbili zama-antenna empondo
I-United States yenze ucwaningo olunzulu ngokukhishwa nokutholwa kwamagagasi e-terahertz. Amalabhorethri ocwaningo e-terahertz adumile afaka i-Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), i-Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), i-US National Laboratory (LLNL), i-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), i-National Science Foundation (NSF), njll. Kuklanywe ama-antenna amasha e-terahertz ezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-terahertz, njenge-antenna ye-bowtie kanye nama-antenna okuqondisa i-frequency beam. Ngokusho kokuthuthukiswa kwama-antenna e-terahertz, singathola imibono emithathu eyisisekelo yokuklama ama-antenna e-terahertz njengamanje, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 6.
Umfanekiso 6 Imibono emithathu eyisisekelo yokuklama ama-antenna e-terahertz
Ukuhlaziywa okungenhla kukhombisa ukuthi yize amazwe amaningi eqaphele kakhulu ama-antenna e-terahertz, asesesigabeni sokuqala sokuhlola nokuthuthukiswa. Ngenxa yokulahlekelwa okukhulu kokusabalala kanye nokumuncwa kwama-molecule, ama-antenna e-THZ avame ukunqunyelwa yibanga lokudlulisela kanye nokumbozwa. Ezinye izifundo zigxile kumaza okusebenza aphansi ebhendini le-THZ. Ucwaningo lwe-antenna olukhona lugxile kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inzuzo ngokusebenzisa ama-antenna elensi ye-dielectric, njll., kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuxhumana ngokusebenzisa ama-algorithms afanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokupakisha ama-antenna e-terahertz nayo iyinkinga ephuthumayo kakhulu.
Ama-antenna ajwayelekile e-THZ
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-antenna e-THz atholakalayo: ama-antenna e-dipole anezimbobo ezi-conical, ama-array e-corner reflector, ama-dipole e-bowtie, ama-antenna e-dielectric lens planar, ama-antenna e-photoconductive okukhiqiza imithombo yemisebe ye-THz, ama-antenna e-horn, ama-antenna e-THz asekelwe ezintweni ze-graphene, njll. Ngokwezinto ezisetshenziswa ukwenza ama-antenna e-THz, angahlukaniswa cishe ngama-antenna ensimbi (ikakhulukazi ama-antenna e-horn), ama-antenna e-dielectric (ama-antenna e-lens), kanye nama-antenna amasha. Lesi sigaba siqala ngokunikeza ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kwala ma-antenna, bese kuthi esigabeni esilandelayo, ama-antenna amahlanu ajwayelekile e-THz ethulwa ngokuningiliziwe futhi ahlaziywe ngokujulile.
1. Ama-antenna ensimbi
I-antenna yophondo iyi-antenna ejwayelekile yensimbi eyenzelwe ukusebenza ebhendini le-THz. I-antenna ye-receiver yamaza e-millimeter yakudala iyi-horn eyi-conical. Ama-antenna e-corrugated kanye nama-dual-mode anezinzuzo eziningi, kufaka phakathi amaphethini emisebe ajikelezayo, inzuzo ephezulu ye-20 kuya ku-30 dBi kanye nezinga eliphansi le-cross-polarization le--30 dB, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuxhumanisa okungu-97% kuya ku-98%. Ama-bandwidth atholakalayo ama-antenna amabili ephondo angu-30%-40% kanye no-6%-8%, ngokulandelana.
Njengoba imvamisa yamagagasi e-terahertz iphezulu kakhulu, ubukhulu be-antenna ye-horn buncane kakhulu, okwenza ukucutshungulwa kwe-horn kube nzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwama-antenna arrays, futhi ubunzima bobuchwepheshe bokucubungula buholela ezindleleni eziningi kakhulu kanye nokukhiqizwa okulinganiselwe. Ngenxa yobunzima bokukhiqiza phansi komklamo we-horn oyinkimbinkimbi, i-antenna elula ye-horn ngesimo se-horn eyi-conical noma eyi-conical ivame ukusetshenziswa, okunganciphisa ubunzima bezindleko kanye nenqubo, futhi ukusebenza kwemisebe ye-antenna kungagcinwa kahle.
Enye i-antenna yensimbi yi-antenna ye-piramidi yamagagasi ahambayo, equkethe i-antenna yamagagasi ahambayo ehlanganiswe kwifilimu ye-dielectric engu-1.2 micron futhi ilenga emgodini omude oqoshwe ku-silicon wafer, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 7. Le antenna iyisakhiwo esivulekile esihambisana nama-diode e-Schottky. Ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esilula kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza eziphansi, ingasetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile kuma-frequency band angaphezu kuka-0.6 THz. Kodwa-ke, izinga le-sidelobe kanye nezinga le-cross-polarization le-antenna liphezulu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esivulekile. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kahle kwayo kokuxhuma kuphansi kakhulu (cishe u-50%).
Umfanekiso 7 I-antenna ye-pyramidal ehambayo yamagagasi
2. I-antenna ye-dielectric
I-antenna ye-dielectric iyinhlanganisela ye-substrate ye-dielectric kanye ne-radiator ye-antenna. Ngokuklama okufanele, i-antenna ye-dielectric ingafinyelela ukuhambisana kwe-impedance ne-detector, futhi inezinzuzo zenqubo elula, ukuhlanganiswa okulula, kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi baklame ama-antenna amaningana e-narrowband kanye ne-broadband side-fire angafanelana nama-detector e-low-impedance ama-antenna e-terahertz dielectric: i-antenna ye-butterfly, i-antenna enomumo we-U kabili, i-antenna ye-log-periodic, kanye ne-antenna ye-log-periodic sinusoidal, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-geometri e-antenna ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu angaklanywa ngokusebenzisa ama-algorithms ezakhi zofuzo.
Umfanekiso 8 Izinhlobo ezine zama-antenna ahleliwe
Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-antenna ye-dielectric ihlanganiswe ne-substrate ye-dielectric, kuzovela umphumela wegagasi lobuso lapho imvamisa ithambekele ebhendini le-THz. Lokhu kungahle kube yingozi kuzokwenza i-antenna ilahlekelwe amandla amaningi ngesikhathi sokusebenza futhi kuholele ekunciphiseni okukhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwemisebe ye-antenna. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 9, lapho i-angle yemisebe ye-antenna inkulu kune-angle ye-cutoff, amandla ayo agcinwa kwi-substrate ye-dielectric futhi ahlanganiswe nemodi ye-substrate.
Umfanekiso 9 Umphumela wegagasi lobuso be-antenna
Njengoba ubukhulu be-substrate bukhula, inani lezindlela eziphezulu liyakhula, futhi ukuhlangana phakathi kwe-antenna ne-substrate kuyanda, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla. Ukuze kuncishiswe umphumela wamagagasi ongaphezulu, kunezinhlelo ezintathu zokwenza ngcono:
1) Faka ilensi ku-antenna ukuze wandise inzuzo ngokusebenzisa izici zokwakheka kwemisebe yamagagasi kagesi.
2) Nciphisa ukujiya kwe-substrate ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhiqizwa kwama-electromagnetic wave asezingeni eliphezulu.
3) Shintsha izinto ze-dielectric ze-substrate nge-electromagnetic band gap (EBG). Izici zokuhlunga ze-EBG zingacindezela izindlela ze-oda eliphezulu.
3. Ama-antenna amasha
Ngaphezu kwama-antenna amabili angenhla, kukhona ne-antenna ye-terahertz eyenziwe ngezinto ezintsha. Isibonelo, ngo-2006, uJin Hao nabanye baphakamise i-antenna ye-carbon nanotube dipole. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 10 (a), i-dipole yenziwe ngama-carbon nanotube esikhundleni sezinto zensimbi. Wafunda ngokucophelela izakhiwo ze-infrared kanye ne-optical ze-antenna ye-carbon nanotube dipole futhi waxoxa ngezici ezijwayelekile ze-antenna ye-carbon nanotube dipole enobude obulinganiselwe, njenge-input impedance, ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje, inzuzo, ukusebenza kahle kanye nephethini yemisebe. Umfanekiso 10 (b) ukhombisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-input impedance kanye nemvamisa ye-antenna ye-carbon nanotube dipole. Njengoba kungabonakala kuMfanekiso 10 (b), ingxenye ecatshangelwayo ye-input impedance inama-zero amaningi kuma-frequency aphezulu. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi i-antenna ingafinyelela ama-resonance amaningi kuma-frequency ahlukene. Ngokusobala, i-antenna ye-carbon nanotube ibonisa i-resonance ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile lama-frequency (ama-frequency aphansi e-THz), kodwa ayikwazi nhlobo ukuzwakala ngaphandle kwalolu hlu.
Umfanekiso 10 (a) I-antenna ye-carbon nanotube dipole. (b) Ijika lokufaka i-impedance-frequency
Ngo-2012, uSamir F. Mahmoud no-Ayed R. AlAjmi baphakamise isakhiwo esisha se-antenna ye-terahertz esekelwe kuma-carbon nanotubes, esakhiwe yinqwaba yama-carbon nanotubes ahlanganiswe ngezendlalelo ezimbili ze-dielectric. Ingqimba yangaphakathi ye-dielectric iyingqimba ye-dielectric foam, kanti ingqimba yangaphandle ye-dielectric iyingqimba ye-metaterial. Isakhiwo esithile siboniswe kuMfanekiso 11. Ngokuhlola, ukusebenza kwemisebe ye-antenna kuthuthukisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nama-carbon nanotubes anodonga olulodwa.
Umfanekiso 11 I-antenna entsha ye-terahertz esekelwe kuma-carbon nanotubes
Ama-antenna amasha e-terahertz aphakanyisiwe ngenhla ngokuyinhloko anobukhulu obuthathu. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-bandwidth ye-antenna futhi kwenziwe ama-antenna ahambisanayo, ama-antenna e-planar graphene athole ukunakwa kabanzi. I-Graphene inezici ezinhle kakhulu zokulawula okuqhubekayo futhi ingakhiqiza i-plasma engaphezulu ngokulungisa i-voltage ye-bias. I-plasma engaphezulu ikhona ku-interface phakathi kwama-substrate ahlala njalo e-dielectric (njenge-Si, i-SiO2, njll.) kanye nama-substrate ahlala njalo e-dielectric (njengezinsimbi eziyigugu, i-graphene, njll.). Kunenani elikhulu "lama-electron amahhala" kuma-conductor njengezinsimbi eziyigugu kanye ne-graphene. Lawa ma-electron amahhala abizwa nangokuthi ama-plasma. Ngenxa yensimu yamandla engokwemvelo ku-conductor, lawa ma-plasma asesimweni esizinzile futhi awaphazanyiswa yizwe langaphandle. Lapho amandla egagasi le-electromagnetic eyenzeka ehlanganiswa nalawa ma-plasma, ama-plasma azophambuka esimweni esizinzile futhi adlidlize. Ngemuva kokuguqulwa, imodi ye-electromagnetic yakha igagasi elihambayo le-magnetic ku-interface. Ngokusho kwencazelo yobudlelwano bokuhlakazeka kwe-plasma yendawo yensimbi yimodeli ye-Drude, izinsimbi azikwazi ukuhlangana ngokwemvelo namagagasi e-electromagnetic endaweni ekhululekile futhi ziguqule amandla. Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto ukuze kuvuse amaza e-plasma engaphezulu. Amaza e-plasma engaphezulu abola ngokushesha ohlangothini olufanayo lwesixhumi sensimbi ne-substrate. Lapho umqhubi wensimbi eqhuba ngendlela eqondile ebusweni, kwenzeka umphumela wesikhumba. Ngokusobala, ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane be-antenna, kuba nomphumela wesikhumba ebhendini yemvamisa ephezulu, okubangela ukusebenza kwe-antenna kwehle kakhulu futhi kungakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zama-antenna e-terahertz. I-plasmon engaphezulu ye-graphene ayigcini nje ngokuba namandla aphezulu okubopha kanye nokulahlekelwa okuphansi, kodwa futhi isekela ukulungiswa kukagesi okuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-graphene inokuqhuba okuyinkimbinkimbi ebhendini ye-terahertz. Ngakho-ke, ukusabalala kwamaza aphansi kuhlobene nemodi ye-plasma kumaza e-terahertz. Lezi zici zibonisa ngokugcwele ukuthi kungenzeka yini i-graphene ukuthi ithathe indawo yezinto zensimbi ebhendini ye-terahertz.
Ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwe-polarisation kwama-plasmon e-graphene surface, i-Figure 12 ikhombisa uhlobo olusha lwe-strip antenna, futhi iphakamisa ukuma kwebhendi yezici zokusabalala kwamagagasi e-plasma ku-graphene. Umklamo webhendi ye-antenna elungisekayo unikeza indlela entsha yokufunda izici zokusabalala kwama-antenna amasha e-terahertz.
Umfanekiso 12 I-antenna entsha ye-strip
Ngaphezu kokuhlola izakhi ze-antenna ze-terahertz ezintsha zeyunithi, ama-antenna e-graphene nanopatch terahertz angaklanywa futhi njengama-array ukwakha izinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-antenna ze-terahertz multi-input multi-output. Isakhiwo se-antenna siboniswe ku-Figure 13. Ngokusekelwe ezicini ezihlukile zama-antenna e-graphene nanopatch, izakhi ze-antenna zinezilinganiso ze-micron-scale. Ukufakwa komhwamuko wamakhemikhali kuhlanganisa ngqo izithombe ezahlukene ze-graphene kungqimba oluncane lwe-nickel bese kuzidlulisela kunoma iyiphi i-substrate. Ngokukhetha inani elifanele lezakhi nokushintsha i-voltage ye-electrostatic bias, isiqondiso semisebe singashintshwa ngempumelelo, okwenza uhlelo luphinde lulungiswe.
Umfanekiso 13 I-Graphene nanopatch terahertz antenna array
Ucwaningo lwezinto ezintsha luyindlela entsha. Ukuqamba izinto ezintsha kulindeleke ukuthi kudlule imikhawulo yama-antenna endabuko futhi kuthuthukise izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-antenna amasha, njengezinto ezilungisekayo, izinto ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili (2D), njll. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lwe-antenna luncike kakhulu ekuqanjweni kwezinto ezintsha kanye nokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe benqubo. Kunoma ikuphi, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-antenna e-terahertz kudinga izinto ezintsha, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula obunembile kanye nezakhiwo ezintsha zokuklama ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zenzuzo ephezulu, izindleko eziphansi kanye ne-bandwidth ebanzi yama-antenna e-terahertz.
Okulandelayo kwethula izimiso eziyisisekelo zezinhlobo ezintathu zama-antenna e-terahertz: ama-antenna ensimbi, ama-antenna e-dielectric kanye nama-antenna amasha, futhi kuhlaziya umehluko wawo kanye nezinzuzo kanye nokungalungi.
1. I-antenna yensimbi: I-geometry ilula, kulula ukuyicubungula, ibiza kancane, futhi inezidingo eziphansi zezinto ezisetshenziswa ngaphansi komhlaba. Kodwa-ke, ama-antenna ensimbi asebenzisa indlela yomshini ukulungisa indawo ye-antenna, evame ukuba namaphutha. Uma ukulungiswa kungalungile, ukusebenza kwe-antenna kuzoncipha kakhulu. Nakuba i-antenna yensimbi incane ngobukhulu, kunzima ukuyihlanganisa ngesekethe ehleliwe.
2. I-antenna ye-dielectric: I-antenna ye-dielectric ine-impedance yokufaka ephansi, kulula ukuyifanisa ne-detector ye-impedance ephansi, futhi kulula ukuyixhuma ngesekethe eliyindilinga. Izimo zejometri zama-antenna e-dielectric zifaka ukuma kwe-butterfly, ukuma kwe-U okuphindwe kabili, ukuma kwe-logarithmic evamile kanye nokuma kwe-logarithmic periodic sine. Kodwa-ke, ama-antenna e-dielectric nawo anephutha elibulalayo, okungukuthi umphumela wamagagasi ongaphezulu obangelwa yi-substrate ewugqinsi. Isixazululo ukulayisha ilensi bese ushintsha i-substrate ye-dielectric ngesakhiwo se-EBG. Zombili izixazululo zidinga ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe benqubo nezinto zokwakha, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo okuhle kakhulu (njengokuqondisa konke kanye nokucindezelwa kwamagagasi ongaphezulu) kunganikeza imibono emisha yocwaningo lwama-antenna e-terahertz.
3. Ama-antenna amasha: Njengamanje, ama-antenna amasha e-dipole enziwe ngama-carbon nanotubes kanye nezakhiwo ezintsha ze-antenna ezenziwe ngezinto ezisetshenziswayo. Izinto ezintsha zingaletha impumelelo entsha yokusebenza, kodwa isisekelo siwukusungula izinto ezintsha zesayensi yezinto. Njengamanje, ucwaningo ngama-antenna amasha ezinto lusesesigabeni sokuhlola, futhi ubuchwepheshe obuningi obubalulekile abukavuthwa ngokwanele.
Ngamafuphi, izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-antenna e-terahertz zingakhethwa ngokuya ngezidingo zomklamo:
1) Uma kudingeka umklamo olula kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi, ama-antenna ensimbi angakhethwa.
2) Uma kudingeka ukuhlanganiswa okuphezulu kanye nokuphazamiseka kokufaka okuphansi, ama-antenna e-dielectric angakhethwa.
3) Uma kudingeka intuthuko ekusebenzeni, ama-antenna amasha angakhethwa.
Imiklamo engenhla ingalungiswa futhi ngokwezidingo ezithile. Isibonelo, izinhlobo ezimbili zama-antenna zingahlanganiswa ukuze kutholakale izinzuzo ezengeziwe, kodwa indlela yokuhlanganisa kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuklama kumele kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo eziqinile.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngama-antenna, sicela uvakashele:
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-02-2024
