Ngokuduma okwandayo kwamadivayisi angenantambo, izinsiza zedatha zingene esikhathini esisha sokuthuthuka okusheshayo, esaziwa nangokuthi ukukhula okushisayo kwezinsizakalo zedatha. Njengamanje, inani elikhulu lezinhlelo zokusebenza lihamba kancane kancane lisuka kumakhompiyutha liye kumadivayisi angenantambo afana nomakhalekhukhwini okulula ukuthwala nokusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela, kodwa lesi simo siphinde saholela ekwandeni okusheshayo kwedatha yedatha kanye nokushoda kwezinsiza zomkhawulokudonsa. . Ngokwezibalo, inani ledatha emakethe lingafinyelela ku-Gbps noma i-Tbps eminyakeni eyi-10 kuye kweyi-15 elandelayo. Njengamanje, ukuxhumana kwe-THz sekufinyelele izinga ledatha ye-Gbps, kuyilapho izinga ledatha ye-Tbps lisesezigabeni zokuqala zokuthuthuka. Iphepha elihlobene libala inqubekelaphambili yakamuva kuzilinganiso zedatha ye-Gbps ngokusekelwe kubhendi ye-THz futhi libikezela ukuthi i-Tbps ingatholwa ngokuphindaphinda kwe-polarization. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kukhuliswe izinga lokudluliswa kwedatha, isisombululo esingaba khona ukuthuthukisa ibhendi yefrikhwensi entsha, okuyibhendi ye-terahertz, esendaweni "esendaweni engenalutho" phakathi kwama-microwave nokukhanya kwe-infrared. Engqungqutheleni ye-ITU World Radiocommunication (WRC-19) ngo-2019, imvamisa yobubanzi buka-275-450GHz isetshenziselwe izinsizakalo zeselula ezingaguquki nezasemhlabeni. Kuyabonakala ukuthi izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingenazintambo ze-terahertz zidonse ukunaka kwabacwaningi abaningi.
Amagagasi kagesi eTerahertz ngokuvamile achazwa njengebhendi yefrikhwensi engu-0.1-10THz (1THz=1012Hz) enobude obungu-0.03-3 mm. Ngokwezinga le-IEEE, amaza e-terahertz achazwa ngokuthi 0.3-10THz. Umfanekiso 1 ubonisa ukuthi ibhendi yefrikhwensi ye-terahertz iphakathi kwama-microwave nokukhanya kwe-infrared.
Umdwebo 1 we-Schematic webhendi yefrikhwensi ye-THz.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Terahertz Antennas
Nakuba ucwaningo lwe-terahertz lwaqala ngekhulu le-19, aluzange lufundwe njengomkhakha ozimele ngaleso sikhathi. Ucwaningo lwemisebe ye-terahertz lwalugxile kakhulu ebhendini ye-infrared ekude. Kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 lapho abacwaningi baqala khona ukuqhubekisela phambili ucwaningo lwamagagasi emilimitha ebhendini ye-terahertz futhi benza ucwaningo olukhethekile lobuchwepheshe be-terahertz.
Ngawo-1980, ukuvela kwemithombo yemisebe ye-terahertz kwenza ukusetshenziswa kwamagagasi e-terahertz ezinhlelweni ezingokoqobo kwenzeke. Kusukela ngekhulu lama-21, ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana okungenazintambo buye bathuthuka ngokushesha, futhi isidingo sabantu solwazi nokwanda kwemishini yezokuxhumana kuye kwabeka izidingo eziqinile ezilinganisweni zokudluliselwa kwedatha yezokuxhumana. Ngakho-ke, enye yezinselele zobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana besikhathi esizayo ukusebenza ngenani eliphezulu ledatha lamagigabhithi ngomzuzwana endaweni eyodwa. Ngaphansi kokuthuthukiswa komnotho kwamanje, izinsiza ze-spectrum ziye zanda kakhulu. Nokho, izidingo zomuntu zamandla okuxhumana nesivinini azipheli. Ngenkinga yokuminyana kwe-spectrum, izinkampani eziningi zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) ukuze zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwe-spectrum nomthamo wesistimu ngokusebenzisa ukuphindaphinda kwendawo. Ngokuthuthuka kwamanethiwekhi e-5G, isivinini sokuxhuma idatha somsebenzisi ngamunye sizodlula i-Gbps, futhi ithrafikhi yedatha yeziteshi eziyisisekelo nayo izokhuphuka kakhulu. Kuzinhlelo zendabuko zokuxhumana zamagagasi emilimitha, izixhumanisi ze-microwave ngeke zikwazi ukuphatha lokhu kusakazwa kwedatha okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yethonya lomugqa wokubuka, ibanga lokudlulisela lokuxhumana kwe-infrared lifushane futhi indawo yemishini yayo yokuxhumana ilungisiwe. Ngakho-ke, amagagasi e-THz, aphakathi kwama-microwave kanye ne-infrared, angasetshenziswa ukwakha izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezinesivinini esikhulu futhi andise amazinga okudluliswa kwedatha ngokusebenzisa izixhumanisi ze-THz.
Amagagasi eTerahertz angahlinzeka ngomkhawulokudonsa obanzi wokuxhumana, futhi imvamisa yawo iphindwe izikhathi eziyi-1000 kunezokuxhumana ngomakhalekhukhwini. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa i-THz ukwakha izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingenantambo ze-ultra-high-speed kuyisixazululo esithembisayo senselele yamanani aphezulu wedatha, okuye kwaheha isithakazelo samaqembu amaningi ocwaningo nezimboni. NgoSepthemba 2017, kwakhululwa indinganiso yokuqala ye-THz yokuxhumana okungenantambo i-IEEE 802.15.3d-2017, echaza ukushintshaniswa kwedatha yephoyinti nephoyinti ebangeni eliphansi le-THz lefrikhwensi engu-252-325 GHz. Esinye isendlalelo esibonakalayo (PHY) sesixhumanisi singafinyelela amanani edatha afika ku-100 Gbps kuma-bandwidths ahlukene.
Uhlelo lokuqala lokuxhumana lwe-THz oluyimpumelelo lwe-0.12 THz lwasungulwa ngo-2004, futhi uhlelo lwezokuxhumana lwe-THz lwe-0.3 THz lwatholwa ngo-2013. Ithebula 1 libala inqubekelaphambili yocwaningo lwezinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-terahertz e-Japan kusukela ngo-2004 kuya ku-2013.
Ithebula 1 Inqubekelaphambili yocwaningo lwezinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-terahertz e-Japan kusukela ngo-2004 kuya ku-2013
Isakhiwo se-antenna sohlelo lokuxhumana olwakhiwe ngo-2004 sachazwa ngokuningiliziwe yi-Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) ngo-2005. Ukumiswa kwe-antenna kwethulwa ezimweni ezimbili, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.
Umfanekiso 2 Umdwebo weSkimu wesistimu yokuxhumana engenantambo yase-Japan ye-NTT 120 GHz
Uhlelo luhlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric kanye ne-antenna futhi lusebenzisa izindlela ezimbili zokusebenza:
1. Endaweni eseduze yasendlini, isidlulisi se-antenna epulaniwe esisetshenziswa endlini siqukethe i-chip ye-photodiode yenethiwekhi yomugqa owodwa (UTC-PD), i-planar slot antenna kanye nelensi ye-silicon, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2(a).
2. Endaweni engaphandle yebanga elide, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ithonya lokulahlekelwa okukhulu kokudlulisela kanye nokuzwela okuphansi komtshina, i-antenna yokudlulisela kufanele ibe nenzuzo ephezulu. I-antenna ekhona ye-terahertz isebenzisa ilensi ye-Gaussian optical enenzuzo engaphezu kuka-50 dBi. Inhlanganisela yophondo lokuphakelayo kanye nelensi ye-dielectric ikhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 2(b).
Ngaphezu kokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokuxhumana lwe-0.12 THz, i-NTT iphinde yakha uhlelo lokuxhumana lwe-0.3THz ngo-2012. Ngokusebenzisa ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo, izinga lokudlulisela lingaba phezulu njenge-100Gbps. Njengoba kubonakala kuThebula loku-1, libe negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kokuxhumana kwe-terahertz. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wamanje wocwaningo unobubi bemvamisa yokusebenza ephansi, usayizi omkhulu kanye nezindleko eziphezulu.
Iningi lama-antenna e-terahertz asetshenziswayo njengamanje ashintshiwe asuka kuma-millimeter wave antenna, futhi kuncane ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezimpondo ze-terahertz. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-terahertz, umsebenzi obalulekile uwukwenza kahle izimpondo ze-terahertz. Ithebula 2 libala inqubekelaphambili yocwaningo lokuxhumana kwe-German THz. Umfanekiso 3 (a) ubonisa ummeleli wesistimu yokuxhumana engenantambo ye-THz ehlanganisa izithombe nemishini kagesi. Umfanekiso 3 (b) ubonisa indawo yokuhlola umhubhe womoya. Uma sibheka isimo samanje socwaningo eJalimane, ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthuka kwalo nakho kunobubi obufana nemvamisa yokusebenza ephansi, izindleko eziphezulu kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphansi.
Ithebula 2 Inqubekelaphambili yocwaningo lokuxhumana kwe-THz eJalimane
Umfanekiso 3 Isigcawu sokuhlola umhubhe womoya
I-CSIRO ICT Centre iphinde yaqala ucwaningo ngezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingenazintambo zasendlini ze-THz. Isikhungo safunda ubudlelwano phakathi konyaka kanye nemvamisa yokuxhumana, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 4. Njengoba kungabonwa kuMdwebo 4, ngo-2020, ucwaningo lwezokuxhumana okungenantambo luvame ukuba nebhendi ye-THz. Ubuningi befrikhwensi yokuxhumana kusetshenziswa i-radio spectrum inyuka cishe izikhathi eziyishumi njalo eminyakeni engamashumi amabili. Isikhungo senze izincomo mayelana nezidingo zezimpondo ze-THz kanye nezimpondo zendabuko ezihlongozwayo njengezimpondo namalensi wezinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-THz. Njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso wesi-5, izimpondo ezimbili zezimpondo zisebenza ku-0.84THz naku-1.7THz ngokulandelanayo, ngesakhiwo esilula nokusebenza okuhle kwe-Gaussian beam.
Umfanekiso 4 Ubudlelwano phakathi konyaka kanye nemvamisa
I-RM-BDHA818-20A
RM-DCPHA105145-20
Umfanekiso 5 Izinhlobo ezimbili zezimpondo zezimpondo
I-United States yenze ucwaningo olunzulu mayelana nokukhishwa nokutholwa kwamagagasi e-terahertz. Amalabhorethri adumile ocwaningo lwe-terahertz ahlanganisa iJet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), iStanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), i-US National Laboratory (LLNL), iNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), iNational Science Foundation (NSF), njll. Ama-antenna amasha e-terahertz ezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-terahertz aklanyelwe, afana nezimpondo ze-bowtie kanye nezimpondo eziqondisayo ze-frequency. Ngokokuthuthukiswa kwezimpondo ze-terahertz, singathola imibono emithathu eyisisekelo yokuklama yezimpondo ze-terahertz njengamanje, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 6.
Umfanekiso 6 Imibono emithathu yedizayini eyisisekelo yezimpondo ze-terahertz
Ukuhlaziywa okungenhla kukhombisa ukuthi nakuba amazwe amaningi ezinaka kakhulu izimpondo ze-terahertz, kusesesigabeni sokuqala sokuhlola nokuthuthukiswa. Ngenxa yokulahleka okukhulu kokusabalala nokumuncwa kwamangqamuzana, izimpondo ze-THz zivame ukukhawulelwa ibanga lokudlulisela nokumbozwa. Ezinye izifundo zigxile kumaza okusebenza aphansi ebhendi ye-THz. Ucwaningo olukhona lwe-antenna ye-terahertz ikakhulukazi lugxile ekuthuthukiseni inzuzo ngokusebenzisa ama-antenna e-dielectric lens, njll., kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuxhumana ngokusebenzisa ama-algorithms afanelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokufakwa kwe-antenna ye-terahertz nakho kuyindaba ephuthumayo kakhulu.
Izimpondo ezijwayelekile ze-THz
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezimpondo ze-THz ezitholakalayo: izimpondo ze-dipole ezinezimbotshana eziyindilinga, ama-antenna e-reflector ekhoneni, i-bowtie dipoles, ama-dielectric lens planar antennas, ama-photoconductive antenna okukhiqiza imithombo ye-THz yemisebe yomthombo, izimpondo zophondo, izimpondo ze-THz ngokusekelwe ezintweni ze-graphene, njll. izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza izimpondo ze-THz, zingaba cishe ihlukaniswe ngama-antenna ensimbi (ikakhulukazi izimpondo zophondo), izimpondo ze-dielectric (amalensi), kanye nezimpondo ezintsha. Lesi sigaba siqale sinikeze ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kwalezi zimpondo, bese esigabeni esilandelayo, izimpondo ezinhlanu ze-THz ezethulwa ngokuningiliziwe futhi zihlaziywe ngokujulile.
1. Izinti zensimbi
I-antenna yophondo wuthi lwensimbi olujwayelekile olwakhelwe ukusebenza ebhendini ye-THz. I-antenna yokwamukela igagasi lemilimitha yakudala iwuphondo oluyindilinga. Izinti ezifakwe uthayela nemodi ekabili zinezinzuzo eziningi, okuhlanganisa amaphethini emisebe alinganayo ajikelezayo, ukuzuza okuphezulu kuka-20 kuya ku-30 dBi kanye nezinga eliphansi le-cross-polarization lika -30 dB, kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuhlanganisa okungu-97% kuya ku-98%. I-bandwidths etholakalayo yezimpondo ezimbili ze-antenna i-30% -40% kanye ne-6% -8%, ngokulandelanayo.
Njengoba imvamisa yamagagasi e-terahertz iphakeme kakhulu, ubukhulu be-antenna yophondo buncane kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukucutshungulwa kophondo, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwama-antenna arrays, futhi ubunkimbinkimbi bobuchwepheshe bokucubungula buholela ezindlekweni ezeqile futhi. ukukhiqizwa okulinganiselwe. Ngenxa yobunzima bokukhiqiza okuphansi komklamo oyinkimbinkimbi wophondo, i-antenna elula yophondo olufana nophondo oluyi-conical noma oluyi-conical ngokuvamile lusetshenziswa, olunganciphisa izindleko nezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, nokusebenza kwemisebe ye-antenna kungagcinwa. kahle.
Olunye uthi lwensimbi i-antenna eyiphiramidi ejikelezayo, ehlanganisa i-antenna yegagasi elijikelezayo elihlanganiswe nefilimu ye-dielectric eyi-micron eyi-1.2 futhi ilengiswe endaweni eyisicwecwana esiyi-silicon, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 7. Le uthi luyisakhiwo esivulekile iyahambisana ne-Schottky diode. Ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esilula kanye nezidingo eziphansi zokukhiqiza, ngokuvamile ingasetshenziswa kumabhendi amafrikhwensi angaphezu kuka-0.6 THz. Kodwa-ke, izinga le-sidelobe kanye nezinga le-cross-polarization le-antenna liphezulu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esivulekile. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kahle kwayo kokuhlanganisa kuphansi kakhulu (cishe ama-50%).
Umfanekiso 7 Igagasi eliyi-pyramidal antenna
2. I-antenna ye-Dielectric
I-antenna ye-dielectric iyinhlanganisela ye-dielectric substrate kanye ne-antenna radiator. Ngokuklama okufanele, i-antenna ye-dielectric ingafinyelela ukufana kokuphazamiseka nomtshina, futhi inezinzuzo zenqubo elula, ukuhlanganisa okulula, nezindleko eziphansi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abacwaningi baklame izimpondo ezimbalwa zomlilo oseceleni ezincane kanye ne-broadband ezikwazi ukufana nezitholi ezincishanayo ze-terahertz dielectric antenna: i-butterfly antenna, i-U-shaped antenna kabili, i-log-periodic antenna, kanye ne-log-periodic sinusoidal antenna, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amajiyometri e-antenna ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu angaklanywa ngofuzo ama-algorithms.
Umfanekiso 8 Izinhlobo ezine zezimpondo eziplani
Kodwa-ke, njengoba i-antenna ye-dielectric ihlanganiswe ne-dielectric substrate, umphumela wegagasi ongaphezulu uzokwenzeka lapho imvamisa ijwayele ibhendi ye-THz. Lokhu bubi obubulalayo buzobangela ukuthi uthingo lulahlekelwe amandla amaningi ngesikhathi sokusebenza futhi kuholele ekwehleni okukhulu kokusebenza kahle kwemisebe ye-antenna. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 9, lapho i-engeli yemisebe ye-antenna inkulu kune-engeli yokunqamula, amandla ayo avalelwe ku-dielectric substrate futhi ahlanganiswe nemodi ye-substrate.
Umfanekiso 9 Umphumela wegagasi le-antenna ebusweni
Njengoba ukushuba kwe-substrate kukhula, inani lamamodi e-oda eliphezulu liyakhula, futhi ukuhlangana phakathi kwe-antenna ne-substrate kuyanda, okuholela ekulahlekeni kwamandla. Ukuze wenze buthaka umphumela we-surface wave, kunezinhlelo ezintathu zokusebenzisa kahle:
1) Layisha ilensi ku-antenna ukuze ukhulise inzuzo ngokusebenzisa izici ezikhazimulayo zamagagasi kagesi.
2) Yehlisa ukujiya kwe-substrate ukuze ucindezele ukukhiqizwa kwezindlela zokuhleleka okuphezulu kwamagagasi kagesi.
3) Shintshanisa i-substrate dielectric material nge-electromagnetic band gap (EBG). Izici zokuhlunga zendawo ze-EBG zingacindezela izindlela zokuhleleka okuphezulu.
3. Izinti ezintsha
Ngaphezu kwalezi zimpondo ezimbili ezingenhla, kukhona ne-terahertz antenna eyenziwe ngezinto ezintsha. Isibonelo, ngo-2006, uJin Hao et al. uphakamise i-antenna ye-carbon nanotube dipole. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 10 (a), i-dipole yenziwe ngama-carbon nanotubes esikhundleni sezinto zensimbi. Ufunde ngokucophelela izici ze-infrared ne-optical ze-antenna ye-carbon nanotube dipole antenna futhi waxoxa ngezici ezijwayelekile ze-carbon nanotube dipole antenna yobude obuphelele, njengokungaphumeleli kokufaka, ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje, inzuzo, ukusebenza kahle kanye nephethini yemisebe. Umfanekiso we-10 (b) ubonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kokuphazamiseka kokufaka kanye nemvamisa ye-carbon nanotube dipole antenna. Njengoba kungabonwa kuMfanekiso 10(b), ingxenye ecatshangelwayo ye-impedance yokokufaka inoziro abaningi kumafrikhwensi aphezulu. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi i-antenna ingakwazi ukuthola ama-resonance amaningi kumafrikhwensi ahlukene. Ngokusobala, i-carbon nanotube antenna ibonisa ukukhala phakathi kwebanga elithile lefrikhwensi (amafrikhwensi e-THz aphansi), kodwa ayikwazi ngokuphelele ukuzwakala ngaphandle kwalolu bubanzi.
Umfanekiso 10 (a) I-Carbon nanotube dipole antenna. (b) Ijika le-impedance-frequency yokokufaka
Ngo-2012, u-Samir F. Mahmoud kanye no-Ayed R. AlAjmi bahlongoza ukwakheka okusha kwe-antenna ye-terahertz okusekelwe ku-carbon nanotubes, okuhlanganisa inqwaba yama-carbon nanotubes asongwe ngezigaba ezimbili ze-dielectric. Isendlalelo se-dielectric sangaphakathi siwungqimba lwegwebu le-dielectric, kanti ungqimba lwe-dielectric lwangaphandle luwungqimba lwe-metamaterial. Isakhiwo esithile siboniswa kuMfanekiso 11. Ngokuhlolwa, ukusebenza kwemisebe ye-antenna kuye kwathuthukiswa uma kuqhathaniswa nama-carbon nanotubes anodonga olulodwa.
Umfanekiso 11 I-antenna entsha ye-terahertz esekelwe ku-carbon nanotubes
Izinti ezintsha ze-terahertz ezihlongozwe ngenhla zinezinhlangothi ezintathu. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umkhawulokudonsa we-antenna futhi wenze izimpondo ezihlelekile, izimpondo ze-graphene ezihleliwe zithole ukunakwa okusabalele. I-graphene inezici ezinhle kakhulu zokulawula okuqhubekayo futhi ingakhiqiza i-plasma engaphezulu ngokulungisa i-voltage echema. I-plasma engaphezulu ikhona kusixhumi esibonakalayo phakathi kwama-substrates e-dielectric engaguquki (njenge-Si, i-SiO2, njll.) kanye nama-substrates angaguquki e-dielectric (njengezinsimbi eziyigugu, i-graphene, njll.). Kunenombolo enkulu "yama-electron amahhala" kuma-conductor afana nezinsimbi eziyigugu ne-graphene. Lawa ma-electron amahhala abizwa nangokuthi ama-plasma. Ngenxa yenkambu engokwemvelo engaba khona ku-conductor, lawa ma-plasma asesimweni esizinzile futhi awaphazanyiswa izwe langaphandle. Lapho isigameko samandla kazibuthe we-electromagnetic wave sihlanganiswa nalawa ma-plasma, ama-plasma azosuka esimeni esizinzile futhi adlidlize. Ngemuva kokuguqulwa, imodi ye-electromagnetic yakha igagasi lakazibuthe elinqamulayo kusixhumi esibonakalayo. Ngokwencazelo yobudlelwano bokuhlakazwa kwe-plasma engaphezulu kwensimbi ngemodeli ye-Drude, izinsimbi azikwazi ukuhambisana ngokwemvelo namagagasi kagesi endaweni ekhululekile futhi ziguqule amandla. Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto ukujabulisa amagagasi e-plasma angaphezulu. Amagagasi eplasma angaphezulu abola ngokushesha ohlangothini olufanayo lwesixhumi esibonakalayo sensimbi-substrate. Lapho umqhubi wensimbi eqhuba isiqondiso se-perpendicular ebusweni, umphumela wesikhumba uyenzeka. Ngokusobala, ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane be-antenna, kunomthelela wesikhumba ebhandeni lemvamisa ephezulu, okubangela ukuthi ukusebenza kwe-antenna kwehle kakhulu futhi akukwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezimpondo ze-terahertz. I-plasmon engaphezulu ye-graphene ayigcini nje ngokuba namandla aphezulu okubopha nokulahlekelwa okuphansi, kodwa futhi isekela ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo kukagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-graphene ine-conductivity eyinkimbinkimbi kubhendi ye-terahertz. Ngakho-ke, ukusakazwa kwegagasi okuhamba kancane kuhlobene nemodi ye-plasma kumafrikhwensi we-terahertz. Lezi zici zibonisa ngokugcwele ukuba nokwenzeka kwe-graphene ukushintsha izinto zensimbi kubhendi ye-terahertz.
Ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwe-polarization kwe-graphene surface plasmons, Umfanekiso 12 ubonisa uhlobo olusha lwe-antenna, futhi uphakamisa ukwakheka kwebhendi yezimpawu zokusakazeka kwamaza e-plasma ku-graphene. Idizayini yebhendi ye-antenna eguqulekayo ihlinzeka ngendlela entsha yokufunda izici zokusatshalaliswa kwezimpondo ezintsha ze-terahertz.
Umfanekiso 12 I-antenna entsha
Ngokungeziwe ekuhloleni izinto ezintsha ze-antenna ye-terahertz, izimpondo ze-graphene nanopatch terahertz nazo zingaklanywa njengama-arrays ukuze kwakhiwe izinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-terahertz ze-multi-output multi-output zokuxhumana. Isakhiwo se-antenna siboniswa kuMfanekiso 13. Ngokusekelwe ezintweni eziyingqayizivele ze-graphene nanopatch antenna, izakhi ze-antenna zinezilinganiso zesikali se-micron. Ukufakwa komhwamuko wamakhemikhali kuhlanganisa ngokuqondile izithombe ezihlukene ze-graphene kungqimba oluncane lwe-nickel futhi lizidlulisele kunoma iyiphi i-substrate. Ngokukhetha inani elifanele lezingxenye kanye nokushintsha i-electrostatic bias voltage, isiqondiso semisebe singashintshwa ngempumelelo, kwenze uhlelo lulungiseke kabusha.
Umfanekiso 13 Uhlu lwe-antenna ye-Graphene nanopatch terahertz
Ukucwaninga kwezinto ezintsha kuyindlela entsha. Ukusungulwa kwezinto zokwakha kulindeleke ukuthi kudlule imikhawulo yezimpondo zendabuko futhi kuthuthukiswe izimpondo ezintsha ezihlukahlukene, njengezinto ze-metamaterials ezingalungiseka kabusha, izinto ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili (2D), njll. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lwe-antenna luncike kakhulu ekusungulweni kwezinto ezintsha. izinto zokwakha kanye nokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe benqubo. Kunoma ikuphi, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpondo ze-terahertz kudinga izinto ezintsha, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula obunembile kanye nezakhiwo zemiklamo yenoveli ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nenzuzo ephezulu, izindleko eziphansi kanye nezidingo zomkhawulokudonsa obanzi wezimpondo ze-terahertz.
Okulandelayo kwethula izimiso eziyisisekelo zezinhlobo ezintathu zezimpondo ze-terahertz: izimpondo zensimbi, izimpondo ze-dielectric kanye nezimpondo zempahla entsha, futhi kuhlaziya umehluko wazo kanye nezinzuzo kanye nokubi.
1. I-antenna yensimbi: Ijiyomethri ilula, kulula ukuyicubungula, inezindleko eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, kanye nezidingo eziphansi zezinto zokwakha ze-substrate. Kodwa-ke, izinti zensimbi zisebenzisa indlela yomshini ukulungisa indawo ye-antenna, ejwayele ukuba namaphutha. Uma ukulungiswa kungalungile, ukusebenza kwe-antenna kuzoncipha kakhulu. Nakuba i-antenna yensimbi incane ngosayizi, kunzima ukuyihlanganisa ngesekhethi epulaniwe.
2. I-antenna ye-dielectric: I-antenna ye-dielectric ine-impedance ephansi yokufaka, kulula ukuhambisana nomtshina we-impedance ephansi, futhi kulula ukuyixhuma nge-planer circuit. Umumo wejometri wezimpondo ze-dielectric zihlanganisa ukwakheka kovemvane, umumo we-U ophindwe kabili, umumo we-logarithmic ovamile kanye nokwakheka kwe-sine ye-logarithmic periodic. Kodwa-ke, ama-antenna e-dielectric nawo anesici esibulalayo, okuwukuthi umphumela wamagagasi angaphezulu obangelwa i-substrate ewugqinsi. Isixazululo ukulayisha ilensi bese ubuyisela i-dielectric substrate ngesakhiwo se-EBG. Zombili izixazululo zidinga ukuqamba okusha kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe benqubo nezinto zokwakha, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo okuhle kakhulu (okufana ne-omnidirectionality kanye nokucindezela kwegagasi elingaphezulu) kunganikeza imibono emisha yocwaningo lwama-terahertz antenna.
3. Izimpondo ezintsha zezinto ezibonakalayo: Njengamanje, izimpondo ezintsha ze-dipole ezenziwe nge-carbon nanotubes kanye nezakhiwo ezintsha zezinti ezenziwe nge-metamatadium sezivele. Izinto ezintsha zingaletha impumelelo entsha yokusebenza, kodwa isisekelo ukusungulwa kwesayensi yezinto. Njengamanje, ucwaningo lwama-antenna amasha lusesigabeni sokuhlola, futhi ubuchwepheshe obuningi obubalulekile abukavuthwa ngokwanele.
Kafushane, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpondo ze-terahertz zingakhethwa ngokuya ngezidingo zokuklama:
1) Uma umklamo olula kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi zidingeka, izinti zensimbi zingakhethwa.
I-2) Uma ukuhlanganiswa okuphezulu kanye ne-impedance ephansi yokufaka kuyadingeka, ama-antenna e-dielectric angakhethwa.
3) Uma ukuphumelela ekusebenzeni kuyadingeka, ama-antenna amasha angakhethwa.
Imiklamo engenhla ingabuye ilungiswe ngokuvumelana nezidingo ezithile. Isibonelo, izinhlobo ezimbili zama-antenna zingahlanganiswa ukuze kuzuzwe izinzuzo ezengeziwe, kodwa indlela yokuhlanganisa nobuchwepheshe bokuklama kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo eziqinile.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngama-antenna, sicela uvakashele:
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-02-2024
