1. Isingeniso kuma-Antenna
I-antenna iyisakhiwo sokushintsha phakathi kwesikhala esikhululekile nomugqa wokudlulisela, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Umugqa wokudlulisela ungaba ngesimo somugqa we-coaxial noma ithubhu elingenalutho (i-waveguide), elisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amandla kagesi kusuka emthonjeni kuya ku-antenna, noma kusuka ku-antenna kuya kumukeli. Eyokuqala iyi-antenna edlulisa, kanti eyesibili iyi-antenna emukelayo.
Umfanekiso 1 Indlela yokudlulisa amandla kagesi (isikhala esingenazo izintambo zomthombo-umugqa wokudlulisa)
Ukudluliswa kohlelo lwe-antenna kwimodi yokudlulisa yeSithombe 1 kumelelwa yi-Thevenin equivalent njengoba kuboniswe kuSithombe 2, lapho umthombo umelelwa yijeneretha yesignali efanelekile, umugqa wokudlulisa umelelwa umugqa one-impedance ephawulekayo i-Zc, kanti i-antenna imelelwa yi-load ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr) + jXA]. Ukumelana nomthwalo i-RL imele ukuhanjiswa kanye nokulahlekelwa yi-dielectric okuhlobene nesakhiwo se-antenna, kuyilapho i-Rr imele ukumelana nemisebe ye-antenna, kanti i-reactance XA isetshenziselwa ukumela ingxenye ecatshangwayo ye-impedance ehlotshaniswa nemisebe ye-antenna. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, wonke amandla akhiqizwa umthombo wesignali kufanele adluliselwe ku-resistance yemisebe i-Rr, esetshenziselwa ukumela amandla emisebe ye-antenna. Kodwa-ke, ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo, kukhona ukulahlekelwa kwe-conductor-dielectric ngenxa yezici zomugqa wokudlulisa kanye ne-antenna, kanye nokulahlekelwa okubangelwa ukubonakaliswa (ukungalingani) phakathi komugqa wokudlulisa kanye ne-antenna. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuvinjelwa kwangaphakathi komthombo kanye nokunganaki umugqa wokudlulisela kanye nokulahlekelwa kokukhanya (ukungalingani), amandla aphezulu anikezwa i-antenna ngaphansi kokuhambisana kwe-conjugate.
Umfanekiso 2
Ngenxa yokungafani phakathi komugqa wokudlulisela kanye ne-antenna, igagasi elibonakalayo elivela esibonakalayo libekwe ngaphezulu kwegagasi lesigameko elivela emthonjeni liye kwi-antenna ukuze kwakheke igagasi elimile, elimelela ukuhlushwa kwamandla kanye nokugcinwa futhi liyidivayisi ejwayelekile yokuzwana. Iphethini ejwayelekile yamagagasi amile iboniswa umugqa onamachashazi kuMfanekiso 2. Uma uhlelo lwe-antenna lungaklanywanga kahle, umugqa wokudlulisela ungasebenza njengesici sokugcina amandla ngezinga elikhulu, kunokuba ube yidivayisi yokuqondisa amagagasi kanye nokudlulisa amandla.
Ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa umugqa wokudlulisela, i-antenna kanye namagagasi amile akufiseleki. Ukulahlekelwa komugqa kungancishiswa ngokukhetha imigqa yokudlulisela elahlekelwa kancane, kuyilapho ukulahlekelwa kwe-antenna kungancishiswa ngokunciphisa ukumelana nokulahlekelwa okumelelwe yi-RL kuMfanekiso 2. Amagagasi amile angancishiswa futhi isitoreji samandla emgqeni singancishiswa ngokufanisa ukuvimba kwe-antenna (umthwalo) nokuvimba okuphawulekayo komugqa.
Ezinhlelweni ezingenantambo, ngaphezu kokwamukela noma ukudlulisa amandla, ama-antenna ngokuvamile ayadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla akhishwayo ngezindlela ezithile futhi kucindezelwe amandla akhishwayo kwezinye izindlela. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwamadivayisi okuthola, ama-antenna kumele futhi asetshenziswe njengamadivayisi aqondiswayo. Ama-antenna angaba ngezindlela ezahlukene ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo ezithile. Kungaba ucingo, imbobo, i-patch, i-element assembly (array), i-reflector, ilensi, njll.
Ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana ezingenantambo, ama-antenna angenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ukwakheka okuhle kwama-antenna kunganciphisa izidingo zesistimu futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwesistimu iyonke. Isibonelo esivamile yithelevishini, lapho ukwamukelwa kokusakaza kungathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa ama-antenna asebenza kahle kakhulu. Ama-antenna ayizinhlelo zokuxhumana lokho amehlo akuko kubantu.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Antenna
1. I-Antena Yocingo
Ama-antenna ezintambo angenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zama-antenna ngoba atholakala cishe yonke indawo - izimoto, izakhiwo, imikhumbi, izindiza, izindiza zasemkhathini, njll. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-antenna ezintambo, njengomugqa oqondile (i-dipole), i-loop, i-spiral, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3. Ama-antenna ezintambo akudingeki nje kuphela ukuba azungeze. Angaba unxande, isikwele, i-oval noma olunye uhlobo. I-antenna eyindilinga iyona evame kakhulu ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esilula.
Umfanekiso 3
2. Ama-Antennas Avulayo
Ama-antenna avulekayo adlala indima enkulu ngenxa yesidingo esikhulayo sezinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zama-antenna kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamaza aphezulu. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-antenna avulekayo (ama-antenna e-pyramidal, conical kanye ne-rectangular horn) ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Lolu hlobo lwe-antenna luwusizo kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezindiza kanye nemikhumbi-mkhathi ngoba zingafakwa kalula egobolondweni langaphandle lendiza noma imikhumbi-mkhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingambozwa ngesendlalelo sezinto ezisebenza ngogesi ukuze zivikeleke ezindaweni ezinzima.
Umfanekiso 4
3. I-antenna ye-Microstrip
Ama-antenna e-Microstrip athandwa kakhulu ngawo-1970, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwesathelayithi. I-antenna iqukethe i-substrate ye-dielectric kanye ne-patch yensimbi. I-patch yensimbi ingaba nezimo eziningi ezahlukene, futhi i-antenna ye-patch engunxande eboniswe ku-Figure 5 iyona evame kakhulu. Ama-antenna e-Microstrip anephrofayili ephansi, afanelekela izindawo ezi-planar nezingezona ezi-planar, alula futhi ashibhile ukuwakha, anokuqina okuphezulu uma efakwe ezindaweni eziqinile, futhi ahambisana nemiklamo ye-MMIC. Angafakwa ebusweni bezindiza, izindiza-mkhathi, amasathelayithi, imicibisholo, izimoto, ngisho namadivayisi eselula futhi angaklanywa ngendlela efanayo.
Umfanekiso 5
4. I-Antenna Ehlanganisiwe
Izici zokukhanya ezidingwa izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zingase zingafinyelelwa yi-element eyodwa ye-antenna. Ama-antenna arrays angenza ukukhanya okuvela ezintweni kuhlanganiswe ukuze kukhiqizwe ukukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu ohlangothini olulodwa noma ngaphezulu oluthile, isibonelo esivamile siboniswe kuMfanekiso 6.
Umfanekiso 6
5. I-Antena Yokugqamisa
Impumelelo yokuhlola isikhala iholele nasekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwethiyori ye-antenna. Ngenxa yesidingo sokuxhumana okude kakhulu, ama-antenna athola inzuzo ephezulu kakhulu kumele asetshenziswe ukudlulisa nokwamukela izimpawu eziqhele ngezigidi zamakhilomitha. Kulesi sicelo, ifomu le-antenna elivamile yi-antenna ye-parabolic eboniswe kuMfanekiso 7. Lolu hlobo lwe-antenna lunobubanzi obungamamitha angu-305 noma ngaphezulu, futhi usayizi omkhulu kangaka uyadingeka ukuze kufezwe inzuzo ephezulu edingekayo ukudlulisa noma ukwamukela izimpawu eziqhele ngezigidi zamakhilomitha. Olunye uhlobo lwe-reflector yi-corner reflector, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 7 (c).
Umfanekiso 7
6. Ama-Antenna e-Lens
Amalensi asetshenziswa kakhulu ukuhlanganisa amandla ahlakazekile ukuze avimbele ukusabalala eziqondisweni zemisebe engadingeki. Ngokushintsha ngokufanele i-geometry yelensi nokukhetha izinto ezifanele, angaguqula izinhlobo ezahlukene zamandla ahlukene abe amagagasi endiza. Angasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziningi ezifana nama-antenna abonisa i-parabolic, ikakhulukazi kuma-frequency aphezulu, futhi usayizi nesisindo sawo siba sikhulu kakhulu kuma-frequency aphansi. Ama-antenna elensi ahlukaniswa ngokwezinto zawo zokwakha noma ukuma kwe-geometric, amanye awo aboniswe ku-Figure 8.
Umfanekiso 8
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngama-antenna, sicela uvakashele:
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Julayi-19-2024
