1. Isingeniso sama-Antenna
I-antenna iyisakhiwo sokushintsha phakathi kwesikhala esikhululekile kanye nolayini wokudlulisela, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1. Ulayini wokudlulisela ungaba ngendlela yomugqa we-coaxial noma ishubhu elingenalutho (i-waveguide), esetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amandla kazibuthe kagesi ukusuka emthonjeni kuya othini, noma ukusuka othini kuya kumamukeli. Owokuqala uwuthi oludluliselayo, kanti owokugcina uwuthi olwamukelayo.
Umfanekiso 1 Indlela yokudlulisa amandla kagesi (isikhala esingenawo ulayini womthombo-okungenazinti)
Ukudluliswa kwesistimu ye-antenna kumodi yokudlulisela yoMfanekiso 1 imelelwa ngokulingana kweThevenin njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 2, lapho umthombo umelelwa khona ijeneretha yesignali efanelekile, umugqa wokudlulisela umelelwa umugqa onesici se-impedance Zc, futhi i-antenna imelwe ngumthwalo ZA [ZA = (RL + jXA]) + . I-RL yokumelana nomthwalo imele ukulahleka kwe-conduction kanye ne-dielectric okuhlobene nesakhiwo se-antenna, kuyilapho i-Rr imelela ukumelana nemisebe ye-antenna, futhi ukusabela kwe-XA kusetshenziselwa ukumela ingxenye ecatshangelwayo ye-impedance ehambisana nemisebe ye-antenna. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle, wonke amandla akhiqizwa umthombo wesignali kufanele adluliselwe ku-Rr ukumelana nemisebe, esetshenziselwa ukumela amandla emisebe ye-antenna. Kodwa-ke, ekusetshenzisweni okungokoqobo, kukhona ukulahlekelwa kwe-conductor-dielectric ngenxa yezimpawu zomugqa wokudlulisela kanye ne-antenna, kanye nokulahlekelwa okubangelwa ukucabangela (ukungafani) phakathi komugqa wokudlulisela kanye ne-antenna. Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthikamezeka kwangaphakathi komthombo kanye nokuziba ulayini wokudlulisela kanye nokulahlekelwa kokubonisa (ukungafani), amandla amakhulu anikezwa i-antenna ngaphansi kokufanisa i-conjugate.
Umfanekiso 2
Ngenxa yokungafani phakathi kolayini wokudlulisela kanye nothi, igagasi elibonisiwe elisuka kusixhumi esibonakalayo libekwe phezulu ngegagasi lesigameko elisuka emthonjeni liya othini ukuze lakhe igagasi elimile, elimele ukugxiliswa kwamandla nokugcinwa futhi kuyithuluzi elivamile elinomsindo. Iphethini yegagasi elivamile elimile liboniswa ulayini onamachashazi kuMfanekiso 2. Uma isistimu ye-antenna ingaklanywanga kahle, ulayini wokudlulisa ungasebenza njengengxenye yokugcina amandla ngokwezinga elikhulu, kunokuba njenge-waveguide kanye nedivayisi yokudlulisa amandla.
Ukulahlekelwa okudalwe ulayini wokudlulisela, i-antenna namagagasi amile akufuneki. Ukulahlekelwa kolayini kungancishiswa ngokukhetha imigqa yokudlulisela yokulahlekelwa okuphansi, kuyilapho ukulahlekelwa kwe-antenna kungancishiswa ngokunciphisa ukumelana nokulahlekelwa okumelelwe i-RL ku-Figure 2. Amagagasi amile angancishiswa futhi ukugcinwa kwamandla emgqeni kungancishiswa ngokufanisa ukuvinjelwa kwe-antenna (umthwalo) ne-impedance yesici yomugqa.
Kumasistimu angenawaya, ngaphezu kokwamukela noma ukudlulisa amandla, izimpondo ngokuvamile zidingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla aphumayo ezindaweni ezithile futhi kucindezelwe amandla akhishwayo kwezinye izindawo. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwemishini yokuthola, izimpondo kufanele futhi zisetshenziswe njengamathuluzi okuqondisa. Ama-antenna angaba ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo ezithile. Kungase kube intambo, indawo yokuvula, isichibi, i-elementi ye-elementi (uhlu), isibonisi, ilensi, njll.
Ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana ezingenazintambo, izinti zingenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu. Idizayini enhle ye-antenna inganciphisa izidingo zesistimu futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kohlelo lonke. Isibonelo sakudala ithelevishini, lapho ukwamukela ukusakazwa kungathuthukiswa ngokusebenzisa izinti ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Izinti ziyizinhlelo zokuxhumana lokho amehlo ayiko kubantu.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Antenna
1. I-Antenna yocingo
Izimpondo zocingo zingenye yezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezimpondo ngoba zitholakala cishe yonke indawo - izimoto, izakhiwo, imikhumbi, izindiza, imikhumbi-mkhathi, njll. Kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinti zocingo, ezifana nomugqa oqondile (i-dipole), i-loop, i-spiral, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 3. I-loop antenna ayidingi nje ukuba yindilinga. Zingaba unxande, isikwele, okusaqanda noma yimuphi omunye umumo. I-antenna eyindilinga ivame kakhulu ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esilula.
Umfanekiso 3
2. Izimpondo zokuvula
Ama-antenna abamba iqhaza elikhulu ngenxa yesidingo esikhulayo sezinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokusebenzisa izimpondo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamaza aphezulu. Ezinye izinhlobo zezimpondo zokuvula (izimpondo eziyi-pyramidal, conical kanye nezingunxande) zikhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 4. Lolu hlobo lothi luwusizo kakhulu ekufakweni kwendiza nemikhumbi-mkhathi ngoba lungafakwa kalula egobolondweni elingaphandle lendiza noma umkhumbi-mkhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingambozwa ngesendlalelo se-dielectric ukuze zivikeleke ezindaweni ezinonya.
Umfanekiso 4
3. I-antenna ye-Microstrip
Ama-antenna e-Microstrip aduma kakhulu ngeminyaka yawo-1970, ikakhulukazi kuma-satellite applications. I-antenna iqukethe i-dielectric substrate kanye nesichibi sensimbi. Ipheshi lensimbi lingaba nezimo eziningi ezihlukene, futhi i-antenna yepetshi engunxande eboniswe kuMfanekiso 5 ivame kakhulu. Ama-antenna e-Microstrip anephrofayili ephansi, afaneleka endaweni eqondile nengahleliwe, alula futhi ashibhile ukwenziwa, anokuqina okuphezulu lapho efakwe ezindaweni eziqinile, futhi ahambisana nemiklamo ye-MMIC. Angafakwa phezu kwezindiza, imikhumbi-mkhathi, iziphuphutheki, imicibisholo ecitshwayo, izimoto, ngisho namadivayisi eselula futhi angaklanywa ngendlela evumelanayo.
Umfanekiso 5
4. I-Array Antenna
Izici zemisebe ezidingwa izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zingase zingafinyelelwa ngento eyodwa yothi. Izinhlaka ze-antenna zingenza imisebe evela ezakhini ihlanganiswe ukuze ikhiqize imisebe ephezulu endaweni eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, isibonelo esijwayelekile siboniswa kuMfanekiso 6.
Umfanekiso 6
5. I-Reflector Antenna
Ukuphumelela kokuhlolwa komkhathi nakho kuholele ekuthuthukisweni okusheshayo kwethiyori ye-antenna. Ngenxa yesidingo sokuxhumana okude kakhulu, ama-antenna anenzuzo ephezulu kufanele asetshenziselwe ukudlulisa nokwamukela amasignali kude ngezigidi zamamayela. Kulolu hlelo lokusebenza, uhlobo oluvamile lwe-antenna luwuthi oluyi-parabolic oluboniswe kuMfanekiso 7. Lolu hlobo lwe-antenna lunobubanzi obungamamitha angu-305 noma ngaphezulu, futhi ubukhulu obunjalo buyadingeka ukuze kuzuzwe inzuzo ephezulu edingekayo ukuze kudluliswe noma ukwamukela amasignali aqhele ngezigidi zamamayela. Olunye uhlobo lwesibonisi isibonisi sekhona, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 7 (c).
Umfanekiso 7
6. I-Lens Antennas
Amalensi asetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukuhlanganisa amandla ahlakazekile esigameko ukuze avinjwe ukuthi angasakazeki eziqondisweni zemisebe engafunwa. Ngokushintsha ngokufanelekile i-geometry yelensi nokukhetha okubalulekile, bangaguqula izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamandla ahlukene abe amaza endiza. Angasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziningi ezifana nezimpondo ezibonisa i-parabolic, ikakhulukazi kumafrikhwensi aphezulu, futhi usayizi wazo nesisindo kuba kukhulu kakhulu kumaza aphansi. Izimpondo zamalensi zihlukaniswa ngokwezinto zazo zokwakha noma izimo zejometri, ezinye zazo zikhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 8.
Umfanekiso 8
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngama-antenna, sicela uvakashele:
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-19-2024
