1.Isingeniso
I-Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting (RFEH) kanye ne-radiative wireless power transfer (WPT) kuhehe isasasa elikhulu njengezindlela zokuzuza amanethiwekhi angenantambo angenabhethri. Ama-rectenna ayinsika yezinhlelo ze-WPT ne-RFEH futhi anomthelela obalulekile emandleni e-DC alethwa ekulayisheni. Izakhi ze-antenna ze-rectenna zithinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokuvuna, okungashintsha amandla avunwe ngama-oda ambalwa obukhulu. Leli phepha libuyekeza imiklamo ye-antenna esetshenziswa ku-WPT kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-RFEH ezizungezile. Ama-rectenna abikiwe ahlukaniswa ngokwemibandela emibili eyinhloko: i-antenna elungisa umkhawulokudonsa we-impedance kanye nezici zemisebe yothi. Kumbandela ngamunye, inani lokufaneleka (FoM) lezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene liyanqunywa futhi libuyekezwe ngokuqhathaniswa.
I-WPT yahlongozwa nguTesla ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 njengendlela yokudlulisa izinkulungwane zamandla amahhashi. Itemu elithi rectenna, elichaza uthi oluxhunywe kusilungisisi ukuze kuvunwe amandla e-RF, lavela ngeminyaka yawo-1950s ukuze kusetshenziswe izinhlelo zokuhambisa amandla e-microwave emkhathini kanye nokusebenzisa ama-drones azimele. I-Omnidirectional, i-WPT yebanga elide ivinjelwa izici ezibonakalayo ze-propagation medium (umoya). Ngakho-ke, i-WPT yezohwebo ilinganiselwe ngokuyinhloko ekudluliselweni kwamandla angewona ama-radiative aseduze nokushaja okungenantambo komthengi kagesi noma i-RFID.
Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwamadivayisi we-semiconductor kanye namanodi enzwa angenantambo kuqhubeka nokuncipha, kuba lula ukusebenzisa ama-sensor node kusetshenziswa i-ambient RFEH noma kusetshenziswa ama-transmitters ama-omnidirectional asakazwa ngamandla aphansi. Amasistimu wamandla angenawaya anamandla aphansi ngokuvamile ahlanganisa ukuphela kokutholwa kwe-RF, amandla e-DC nokuphathwa kwenkumbulo, kanye ne-microprocessor enamandla aphansi kanye ne-transceiver.
Umfanekiso 1 ubonisa ukwakheka kwe-RFEH wireless node kanye nokusetshenziswa okuvame ukubikwa kwe-RF front-end. Ukusebenza kahle kokuphela kwesistimu yamandla angenantambo kanye nezakhiwo zolwazi olungenantambo oluvumelanisiwe kanye nenethiwekhi yokudlulisa amandla kuncike ekusebenzeni kwezingxenye ezingazodwana, ezifana nezinti, izilungisi, namasekhethi okuphatha amandla. Uhlolovo lwezincwadi oluningana lwenziwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesistimu. Ithebula 1 lifingqa isigaba sokuguqulwa kwamandla, izingxenye ezibalulekile zokuguqulwa kwamandla okuphumelelayo, nezinhlolovo zezincwadi ezihlobene zengxenye ngayinye. Izincwadi zakamuva zigxile kubuchwepheshe bokuguqulwa kwamandla, ama-topology okulungisa kabusha, noma i-RFEH eqaphela inethiwekhi.
Umfanekiso 1
Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwe-antenna akubhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile ku-RFEH. Yize ezinye izincwadi zicubungula umkhawulokudonsa we-antenna nokusebenza kahle ngokombono ophelele noma ngokubuka komklamo othize we-antenna, njengama-antenna amancane noma agqokekayo, umthelela wamapharamitha athile we-antenna ekwamukelweni kwamandla nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa awuhlaziywa ngemininingwane.
Leli phepha libuyekeza amasu okuklama i-antenna kumarectenna ngenhloso yokuhlukanisa i-RFEH kanye ne-WPT ethize yokuklama izinselelo ze-antenna kusukela kumklamo ojwayelekile we-antenna. Ama-antenna aqhathaniswa nemibono emibili: ukufaniswa kwe-impedance ekupheleni nezici zemisebe; esimweni ngasinye, i-FoM ikhonjwa futhi ibuyekezwe kuma-antenna asezingeni eliphezulu (SoA).
2. Umkhawulokudonsa nokufanisa: Amanethiwekhi e-RF angewona ama-50Ω
Ukuphazamiseka kwesici kwe-50Ω ukucatshangelwa kusenesikhathi kokuvumelana phakathi kokuncipha namandla ezinhlelweni zobunjiniyela be-microwave. Kuma-antenna, umkhawulokudonsa we-impedance uchazwa njengobubanzi bemvamisa lapho amandla abonisiwe engaphansi kwe-10% (S11< - 10 dB). Njengoba izikhulisa-msindo eziphansi (ama-LNAs), izikhulisamandla, nezitholi ngokuvamile zidizayinwa ngokufana kokungenayo okungu-50Ω, umthombo ongu-50Ω ubhekiselwa kuwo ngokwesiko.
Ku-rectenna, okukhiphayo kwe-antenna kufakwa ngokuqondile kusilungisi, futhi ukungahambisani kwe-diode kubangela umehluko omkhulu ku-impedance yokokufaka, nengxenye ye-capacitive ebusayo. Uma kubhekwa i-antenna engu-50Ω, inselele enkulu iwukuklama inethiwekhi eyengeziwe efanayo ye-RF ukuze kuguqulwe ukuthinteka okokufaka kube ukuthimbezeleka komlungisi ngemvamisa yentshisekelo nokuyenzela izinga elithile lamandla. Kulokhu, umkhawulokudonsa we-impedance osuka ekupheleni uye ekupheleni uyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuguqulwa okusebenzayo kwe-RF kuya ku-DC. Ngakho-ke, nakuba izimpondo zingafinyelela umkhawulokudonsa ongenamkhawulo noma obanzi kakhulu kusetshenziswa izici zezikhathi noma ijometri eziphelelisanayo, umkhawulokudonsa we-rectenna uzovinjwa inethiwekhi ehambisana nesilungisi.
Kuphakanyiswe ama-rectenna topology ukuze kuzuzwe ukuvunwa kwebhendi eyodwa kanye ne-multi-band noma i-WPT ngokunciphisa ukuboniswa kanye nokukhulisa ukudluliswa kwamandla phakathi kwe-antenna nesilungisisi. Umfanekiso wesi-2 ubonisa izakhiwo ze-rectenna topology ezibikiwe, ezihlukaniswe ngezakhiwo zazo ezihambisanayo ezihambisanayo. Ithebula lesi-2 libonisa izibonelo zamarectenna asebenza kahle ngokuphathelene nomkhawulokudonsa osuka ekupheleni ukuya ekupheleni (kulokhu, i-FoM) esigabeni ngasinye.
Umfanekiso 2 Ama-topology e-Rectenna ngokombono womkhawulokudonsa nokumatanisa kwe-impedance. (a) Unxantathu webhendi eyodwa onothi olujwayelekile. (b) I-Multiband rectenna (eyakhiwe izimpondo eziningi ezihambisana kakhulu) ngesilungisi esisodwa nenethiwekhi efanayo ngebhendi ngayinye. (c) I-Broadband rectenna enezimbobo eziningi ze-RF kanye namanethiwekhi ahlukene afanayo ebhendi ngayinye. (d) I-Broadband rectenna ene-broadband antenna kanye nenethiwekhi yokufanisa i-broadband. (e) Unxantathu webhendi eyodwa esebenzisa uthi oluncane olusebenza ngogesi oluqondane ngqo nesilungisisi. (f) Ibhendi eyodwa, uthi lukagesi olukhulu olunokuphazamiseka okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuze luhlangane nesilungisisi. (g) I-Broadband rectenna ene-impedance eyinkimbinkimbi ukuze ihlanganiswe nesilungisi phezu kwebanga lamafrikhwensi.
Nakuba i-WPT ne-ambient i-RFEH evela kokuphakelayo okuzinikele kuyizinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene ze-rectenna, ukuzuza ukufana kokugcina phakathi kwe-antenna, ukulungisa kabusha nokulayisha kubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla aphezulu (PCE) ngokombono womkhawulokudonsa. Noma kunjalo, ama-rectenna e-WPT agxila kakhulu ekuzuzeni izinga eliphezulu lokufaniswa kwesici (i-S11 ephansi) ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-PCE yebhendi eyodwa kumazinga athile wamandla (i-topology a, e kanye no-f). I-bandwidth ebanzi ye-single-band WPT ithuthukisa ukungatheleleki kwesistimu ekukhipheni, ukukhubazeka kokukhiqiza kanye nama-parasitics okupakisha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-RFEH rectennas abeka phambili ukusebenza kwamaqembu amaningi futhi ayingxenye ye-topology bd kanye ne-g, njengoba ukuminyana kwe-spectral yamandla (PSD) yebhendi eyodwa ngokuvamile iphansi.
3. Idizayini ye-antenna engunxande
1. I-rectenna yefrikhwensi eyodwa
Idizayini ye-antenna ye-single-frequency rectenna (i-topology A) isekelwe ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwe-antenna, okufana ne-linear polarization (LP) noma i-circular polarization (CP) ekhipha imisebe endizeni ephansi, i-dipole antenna kanye ne-F ehlanekezelwe. Umehluko webhendi rectenna usekelwe kuhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-DC olulungiselelwe ngamayunithi amaningi wezimpondo noma inhlanganisela ye-DC ne-RF ehlanganisiwe yamayunithi amaningi okuchibiyela.
Njengoba izimpondo eziningi ezihlongozwayo zingama-rectenna ama-single-frequency futhi zihlangabezana nezidingo ze-WPT ye-single-frequency RFEH, ama-multi-frequency antenna amaningi ahlanganiswa abe ama-multi-band rectennas (i-topology B) ngokucindezelwa kokuhlanganisa kanye inhlanganisela ye-DC ezimele ngemva kwesekethe yokuphatha amandla ukuze iwahlukanise ngokuphelele nesekhethi yokutholwa nokuguqulwa kwe-RF. Lokhu kudinga amasekhethi okuphatha amandla amaningi ebhendi ngayinye, okungase kwehlise ukusebenza kahle kwesiguquli se-boost ngoba amandla e-DC ebhendi eyodwa aphansi.
2. Ama-multi-band nama-broadband RFEH izinti
I-RFEH yemvelo ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokutholwa kwamaqembu amaningi; ngakho-ke, kuphakanyiswe amasu anhlobonhlobo okuthuthukisa umkhawulokudonsa wemiklamo ye-antenna ejwayelekile kanye nezindlela zokwenza ama-dual-band noma ama-antenna e-band array. Kulesi sigaba, sibuyekeza imiklamo ye-antenna yangokwezifiso yama-RFEH, kanye nezimpondo zamabhendi zakudala ezinamandla okusetshenziswa njengama-rectenna.
Izimpondo ze-monopole ze-Coplanar waveguide (CPW) zithatha indawo encane kunezimpondo ze-microstrip patch ngefrikhwensi efanayo futhi zikhiqiza amaza e-LP noma e-CP, futhi zivame ukusetshenziselwa ama-rectenna emvelo e-broadband. Izindiza ezibonisa ukukhanya zisetshenziselwa ukukhulisa ukuzihlukanisa nokuthuthukisa inzuzo, okuholela emaphethini emisebe afana nama-patch antenna. Ama-antenna e-coplanar waveguide eslot asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa i-impedance bandwidths kumabhendi amafrikhwensi amaningi, afana no-1.8–2.7 GHz noma 1–3 GHz. Ama-slot antenna ahlanganisiwe kanye nezimpondo zezichibi nazo zivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwe-multi-band rectenna. Umfanekiso wesi-3 ukhombisa ama-antenna amaningi abikiwe asebenzisa indlela yokuthuthukisa umkhawulokudonsa owodwa.
Umfanekiso 3
Ukufanisa Impedance Ye-Antenna-Rectifier
Ukufanisa i-antenna engu-50Ω nesilungisi esingaqondile kuyinselele ngoba ukuvimbela okokufaka kwayo kuyahluka kakhulu ngokuvama. Kuma-topology A no-B (Umfanekiso 2), inethiwekhi efanayo efanayo iwumdlalo we-LC usebenzisa izakhi ezinezigaxa; Nokho, umkhawulokudonsa ohlobene uvame ukuba ngaphansi kunamabhendi amaningi okuxhumana. Ukumatanisa kwe-single-band stub kuvame ukusetshenziswa kumabhendi e-microwave nama-millimeter-wave angaphansi kuka-6 GHz, futhi ama-millimeter-wave rectennas abikiwe anomkhawulokudonsa omncane ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokuthi umkhawulokudonsa wawo we-PCE uvalwe ukucindezelwa okuphumayo kwe-harmonic, okuwenza afanelekele ngokukhethekileyo i-single- band izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-WPT ku-24 GHz ibhendi engenalayisense.
Ama-rectenna ku-topology C kanye no-D anamanethiwekhi afanayo ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Amanethiwekhi afanayo asakazwe ngokugcwele ahlongoziwe ukuze afaniswe ne-broadband, ene-RF block/DC short circuit (isihlungi sokudlula) endaweni yokuphuma noma i-DC blocking capacitor njengendlela yokubuyisela yama-harmonics e-diode. Izingxenye zokulungisa zingathathelwa indawo ama-capacitor e-interdigitated board board (PCB), ahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi okuthengisa we-electronic design automation. Amanye amanethiwekhi afanayo we-broadband rectenna ahlanganisa izakhi ezigayiwe ukuze zifaniswe namaza aphansi kanye nama-elementi asabalalisiwe ukuze kwakheke i-RF emfushane kokokufaka.
Ukushintsha ukuthintana okokufaka okubonwa umthwalo ngomthombo (owaziwa ngokuthi indlela yokudonsa umthombo) kusetshenziswe ukuklama isihlungi se-broadband esinomkhawulokudonsa ohlobene ongu-57% (1.25–2.25 GHz) kanye ne-PCE ephakeme ngo-10% uma kuqhathaniswa namasekhethi anezigaxa noma asabalalisiwe. . Nakuba amanethiwekhi afanayo ngokuvamile enzelwe ukufanisa izinti kuwo wonke umkhawulokudonsa ongu-50Ω, kunemibiko ezincwadini lapho izimpondo ze-broadband zixhunywe kuzilungisi ze-narrowband.
Amanethiwekhi afanayo we-element lumped-element kanye nesabalalisiwe asetshenziswe kabanzi kuma-topology C no-D, ngama-inductors ochungechunge nama-capacitor okuyizinto ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ezinama-lumped. Lokhu kugwema izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi njengama-capacitor ahlanganisiwe, adinga ukumodela okunembe kakhudlwana nokwakhiwa kunemigqa ye-microstrip evamile.
Amandla okokufaka kusilungisi athinta i-impedance yokokufaka ngenxa yokungatholakali kwe-diode. Ngakho-ke, i-rectenna iklanyelwe ukukhulisa i-PCE ngezinga elithile lamandla okufakwayo kanye ne-impedance yokulayisha. Njengoba ama-diode ngokuyinhloko eyi-capacitive high impedance kumafrikhwensi angaphansi kuka-3 GHz, ama-broadband rectenna asusa amanethiwekhi afanayo noma anciphisa amasekhethi afanayo alula agxilwe kumafrikhwensi Prf>0 dBm nangaphezulu kuka-1 GHz, njengoba ama-diode ane-capacitive impedance ephansi futhi angafaniswa kahle. ku-antenna, ngaleyo ndlela igwema ukwakheka kwezimpondo ezinokusabela okokufaka>1,000Ω.
Ukufanisa okuguqukayo okuguqukayo noma okulungisekayo kubonwe kumarectenna e-CMOS, lapho inethiwekhi efanayo iqukethe amabhange e-on-chip capacitor nama-inductors. Amanethiwekhi afanayo e-CMOS aqinile nawo aphakanyiselwe ama-antenna ajwayelekile angu-50Ω kanye nama-loop antenna aklanywe ngokuhlanganyela. Kubikwe ukuthi izitholi zamandla ze-CMOS ezingenzi lutho zisetshenziselwa ukulawula amaswishi aqondisa ukuphuma kwe-antenna kuzilungisi ezihlukene kanye namanethiwekhi afanayo kuye ngamandla atholakalayo. Inethiwekhi efanayo elungiseka kabusha kusetshenziswa ama-capacitor ashuthekayo ahlotshisiwe, ashunwa ngokulungiswa kahle ngenkathi kukalwa okokufaka kusetshenziswa i-vector network analyzer. Kumanethiwekhi okufanisa ama-microstrip alungisekayo, amaswishi e-transistor anomphumela wenkambu asetshenzisiwe ukuze kulungiswe ama-stubs afanayo ukuze kuzuzwe izici zamabhendi amabili.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngama-antenna, sicela uvakashele:
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-09-2024
