1. Isingeniso
Ukuvunwa kwamandla e-frequency radio (RF) (RFEH) kanye nokudluliswa kwamandla angenantambo emisebeni (WPT) kudonsele isithakazelo esikhulu njengezindlela zokufeza amanethiwekhi angenantambo azinzile angenabhethri. Ama-Rectenna ayitshe lesisekelo lezinhlelo ze-WPT kanye ne-RFEH futhi anomthelela omkhulu emandleni e-DC alethwa emthwalweni. Izakhi ze-antenna ze-rectenna zithinta ngqo ukusebenza kahle kokuvuna, okungaguqula amandla avuniwe ngama-oda amaningana obukhulu. Leli phepha libuyekeza imiklamo ye-antenna esetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-WPT kanye ne-RFEH ezizungezile. Ama-rectenna abikiwe ahlukaniswa ngokwezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-bandwidth ye-impedance yokulungisa i-antenna kanye nezici zemisebe ye-antenna. Kuyo yonke imfuneko, isibalo se-merit (FoM) sezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene sinqunywa futhi sibuyekezwe ngokuqhathaniswa.
I-WPT yaphakanyiswa yiTesla ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 njengendlela yokudlulisa izinkulungwane zamandla ehhashi. Igama elithi rectenna, elichaza i-antenna exhunywe ku-rectifier ukuze ivune amandla e-RF, lavela ngawo-1950 ukuze kusetshenziswe izinhlelo zokudlulisa amandla e-microwave kanye nokunika amandla ama-drone azimele. I-WPT eqondiswe ohlangothini olulodwa, ekude inqunyelwe yizakhiwo zomzimba ze-propagation medium (umoya). Ngakho-ke, i-WPT yezentengiselwano inqunyelwe kakhulu ekudlulisweni kwamandla angewona ama-radiative eduze kwensimu yokushaja ama-electronics angenantambo noma i-RFID.
Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwamadivayisi e-semiconductor kanye nama-sensor node angenantambo kuqhubeka nokwehla, kuba lula ukusebenzisa ama-sensor node asebenzisa i-RFEH noma ukusebenzisa ama-transmitter asebenzisa amandla aphansi asakazekile. Izinhlelo zamandla angenantambo asebenzisa amandla aphansi kakhulu ngokuvamile zihlanganisa i-RF acquisition front end, ukuphathwa kwamandla e-DC kanye nememori, kanye ne-microprocessor kanye ne-transceiver enamandla aphansi.
Isibalo 1 sibonisa ukwakheka kwe-node engenantambo ye-RFEH kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-RF front-end okuvame ukubikwa. Ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lwamandla olungenantambo kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni kanye nokwakheka kwenethiwekhi yolwazi olungenantambo oluvumelanisiwe kanye nokudluliselwa kwamandla kuncike ekusebenzeni kwezingxenye ngazinye, njenge-antenna, ama-rectifier, kanye namasekethe okuphatha amandla. Kuye kwenziwa ucwaningo oluningana lwezincwadi ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zesistimu. Ithebula 1 lifingqa isigaba sokuguqulwa kwamandla, izingxenye ezibalulekile zokuguqulwa kwamandla okuphumelelayo, kanye nokuhlolwa kwezincwadi ezihlobene kwengxenye ngayinye. Izincwadi zakamuva zigxile kubuchwepheshe bokuguqulwa kwamandla, ama-topologies okulungisa, noma i-RFEH eqaphela inethiwekhi.
Umfanekiso 1
Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwe-antenna akubhekwe njengento ebalulekile ku-RFEH. Nakuba ezinye izincwadi zibheka ububanzi be-antenna kanye nokusebenza kahle kusukela embonweni ojwayelekile noma kusukela embonweni othize wokuklama i-antenna, njenge-antenna ezincane noma ezigqokwayo, umthelela wamapharamitha athile e-antenna ekwamukelweni kwamandla kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa awuhlaziywa ngokuningiliziwe.
Leli phepha libuyekeza amasu okuklama ama-antenna kuma-rectenna ngenhloso yokuhlukanisa izinselele zokuklama ama-antenna ezithile ze-RFEH kanye ne-WPT kusuka kumklamo we-antenna yokuxhumana ejwayelekile. Ama-antenna aqhathaniswa ngezindlela ezimbili: ukufaniswa kwe-impedance kusukela ekugcineni kuya ekugcineni kanye nezici zomsebe; esimweni ngasinye, i-FoM ikhonjwa futhi ibuyekezwe kuma-antenna asezingeni eliphezulu (i-SoA).
2. I-bandwidth kanye nokufanisa: Amanethiwekhi e-RF angewona ama-50Ω
I-impedance ephawulekayo ye-50Ω iwukucatshangelwa kwasekuqaleni kokuvumelana phakathi kokuncipha kwamandla nezinhlelo zokusebenza zobunjiniyela be-microwave. Kuma-antenna, i-bandwidth ye-impedance ichazwa njengobubanzi bemvamisa lapho amandla aboniswayo engaphansi kuka-10% (S11< − 10 dB). Njengoba ama-amplifiers omsindo ophansi (ama-LNA), ama-amplifiers kagesi, kanye nama-detector ngokuvamile aklanywa ngokufana kwe-impedance yokufaka engu-50Ω, umthombo we-50Ω uvame ukubhekiselwa kuwo.
Ku-rectenna, ukuphuma kwe-antenna kufakwa ngqo ku-rectifier, futhi ukungalungi kwe-diode kubangela ukwehluka okukhulu ku-input impedance, lapho ingxenye ye-capacitive ibusa khona. Uma sicabanga nge-antenna engu-50Ω, inselele enkulu ukuklama inethiwekhi eyengeziwe yokufanisa i-RF ukuguqula i-input impedance ibe yi-impedance ye-rectifier ngemvamisa yentshisekelo futhi ilungiselele izinga elithile lamandla. Kulesi simo, i-bandwidth ye-impedance kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni iyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa kwe-RF kuya ku-DC okusebenzayo. Ngakho-ke, yize ama-antenna engafinyelela i-bandwidth engenamkhawulo noma ebanzi kakhulu esebenzisa izinto eziphindaphindayo noma i-geometry ezihambisanayo, i-bandwidth ye-rectenna izovinjelwa yinethiwekhi yokufanisa i-rectifier.
Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ama-topologies amaningana e-rectenna ukuze kufezwe ukuvunwa kwe-single-band kanye ne-multi-band noma i-WPT ngokunciphisa ukubonakaliswa nokukhulisa ukudluliselwa kwamandla phakathi kwe-antenna kanye ne-rectifier. Isithombe 2 sibonisa izakhiwo zama-topologies e-rectenna abikiwe, ahlukaniswe ngokwakhiwa kwawo kokulinganisa impedance. Ithebula 2 libonisa izibonelo zama-rectenna asebenza kahle kakhulu maqondana ne-bandwidth yokuphela (kulokhu, i-FoM) yesigaba ngasinye.
Isithombe 2 Ama-topologies e-Rectenna ngokombono wokuqhathaniswa kwe-bandwidth kanye ne-impedance. (a) I-rectenna yebhendi elilodwa ene-antenna ejwayelekile. (b) I-rectenna yebhendi eminingi (eyakhiwe ngama-antenna amaningi ahlangene) ene-rectifier eyodwa kanye nenethiwekhi efanayo ngebhendi ngayinye. (c) I-rectenna yebhendi enezimbobo eziningi ze-RF kanye namanethiwekhi afanayo ahlukene ebhendi ngayinye. (d) I-rectenna yebhendi elilodwa ene-antenna yebhendi kanye nenethiwekhi efanayo yokufanisa i-broadband. (e) I-rectenna yebhendi elilodwa esebenzisa i-antenna encane kagesi ehambisana ngqo ne-rectifier. (f) I-antenna yebhendi elilodwa, enkulu kagesi ene-impedance eyinkimbinkimbi yokuxhuma ne-rectifier. (g) I-rectenna yebhendi elilodwa ene-impedance eyinkimbinkimbi yokuxhuma ne-rectifier phezu kobubanzi bemvamisa.
Nakuba i-WPT kanye ne-ambient RFEH evela ku-feed ezinikele kuyizinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukile ze-rectenna, ukufeza ukufana kokuphela phakathi kwe-antenna, i-rectifier kanye nomthwalo kubalulekile ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwamandla aphezulu (i-PCE) ngokombono we-bandwidth. Noma kunjalo, ama-WPT rectenna agxila kakhulu ekufezeni ukufana kwezici zekhwalithi ephezulu (i-S11 ephansi) ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-single-band PCE emazingeni athile amandla (ama-topology a, e kanye no-f). I-wide bandwidth ye-single-band WPT ithuthukisa ukuzivikela kohlelo ekuhlukaniseni, ekukhiqizeni amaphutha kanye ne-parasites yokupakisha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-RFEH rectenna abeka phambili ukusebenza kwama-multi-band futhi ayingxenye yama-topology bd kanye no-g, njengoba i-power spectral density (PSD) ye-single band ngokuvamile iphansi.
3. Umklamo we-antenna engunxande
1. I-rectenna enemvamisa eyodwa
Umklamo we-antenna we-single-frequency rectenna (topology A) usekelwe kakhulu kumklamo we-antenna ojwayelekile, njenge-linear polarization (LP) noma i-circular polarization (CP) radiating patch on the ground plane, i-dipole antenna kanye ne-inverted F antenna. I-differential band rectenna isekelwe ku-DC combination array ehlelwe ngama-antenna amaningi noma inhlanganisela ye-DC ne-RF exubile yama-patch units amaningi.
Njengoba ama-antenna amaningi ahlongozwayo angama-antenna emvamisa eyodwa futhi ahlangabezana nezidingo ze-WPT yemvamisa eyodwa, lapho kufunwa i-RFEH yemvamisa eminingi yemvelo, ama-antenna amaningi emvamisa eyodwa ahlanganiswa abe ama-rectenna amaningi (i-topology B) ngokucindezela kokuxhumanisa okuhlangene kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-DC okuzimele ngemuva kwesekethe yokuphatha amandla ukuze ahlukaniswe ngokuphelele nesekethe yokutholwa nokuguqulwa kwe-RF. Lokhu kudinga amasekethe amaningi okuphatha amandla ebhendi ngayinye, okungase kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kwe-boost converter ngoba amandla e-DC ebhendi eyodwa aphansi.
2. Ama-antenna e-RFEH anamabhendi amaningi kanye ne-broadband
I-RFEH yemvelo ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokutholwa kwama-band amaningi; ngakho-ke, kuye kwaphakanyiswa amasu ahlukahlukene okuthuthukisa i-bandwidth yemiklamo ye-antenna ejwayelekile kanye nezindlela zokwakha ama-antenna e-dual-band noma ama-band. Kulesi sigaba, sibuyekeza imiklamo ye-antenna eyenziwe ngokwezifiso yama-RFEH, kanye nama-antenna e-multi-band akudala angasetshenziswa njenge-rectenna.
Ama-antenna e-Coplanar waveguide (CPW) monopole athatha indawo encane kune-antenna ye-microstrip patch ngemvamisa efanayo futhi akhiqiza amagagasi e-LP noma e-CP, futhi avame ukusetshenziselwa ama-rectenna emvelo e-broadband. Izindiza zokuzindla zisetshenziselwa ukwandisa ukuhlukaniswa nokuthuthukisa inzuzo, okuholela emaphethini emisebe afana nama-antenna e-patch. Ama-antenna e-coplanar waveguide anezikhala asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ama-bandwidth e-impedance kuma-frequency band amaningi, njenge-1.8–2.7 GHz noma i-1–3 GHz. Ama-antenna e-slot ahlanganisiwe kanye nama-antenna e-patch nawo avame ukusetshenziswa emiklamo ye-rectenna enama-band amaningi. Isibalo 3 sibonisa amanye ama-antenna abikiwe anama-band amaningi asebenzisa indlela yokuthuthukisa i-bandwidth engaphezu kweyodwa.
Umfanekiso 3
Ukufaniswa kwe-Impedance ye-Antenna-Rectifier
Ukufanisa i-antenna engu-50Ω ne-rectifier engeyona i-linear kuyinselele ngoba i-input impedance yayo iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokwemvamisa. Kuma-topology A no-B (Isithombe 2), inethiwekhi evamile yokufanisa iwukufaniswa kwe-LC kusetshenziswa izinto ezihlanganisiwe; noma kunjalo, i-bandwidth ehlobene ivame ukuba ngaphansi kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-band okuxhumana. Ukufanisa i-stub yebhendi elilodwa kuvame ukusetshenziswa kuma-microwave nama-millimeter-wave band angaphansi kuka-6 GHz, kanti ama-rectenna ama-millimeter-wave abikiwe ane-bandwidth encane ngokwemvelo ngoba i-bandwidth yawo ye-PCE ivinjiwe ukucindezelwa kwe-harmonic okukhiphayo, okwenza afaneleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-WPT zebhendi elilodwa kubhendi engenalayisensi engu-24 GHz.
Ama-rectenna kuma-topology C no-D anamanethiwekhi okufanisa ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kuphakanyiswe amanethiwekhi okufanisa imigqa asakazwe ngokugcwele ukuze kufaniswe i-broadband, nge-RF block/DC short circuit (pass filter) echwebeni lokukhipha noma i-DC blocking capacitor njengendlela yokubuyisela ama-diode harmonics. Izingxenye zokulungisa zingashintshwa ngama-capacitor ahlanganisiwe ebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe (PCB), akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi okuzenzakalelayo okuklama ngogesi. Amanye amanethiwekhi okufanisa i-broadband rectenna abikiwe ahlanganisa izinto ezihlanganisiwe ukuze kufaniswe namaza aphansi kanye nezinto ezisakazwe ukuze kudale i-RF short ekufakweni.
Ukushintshashintsha ukuvimba kokufaka okubonwa umthwalo ngomthombo (owaziwa ngokuthi indlela yokudonsa umthombo) kusetshenziswe ukuklama i-rectifier ye-broadband ene-bandwidth ehlobene engu-57% (1.25–2.25 GHz) kanye ne-PCE ephezulu ngo-10% uma kuqhathaniswa nezifunda ezihlanganisiwe noma ezisatshalaliswe. Nakuba amanethiwekhi afanayo ngokuvamile aklanyelwe ukufanisa ama-antenna kuyo yonke i-bandwidth engu-50Ω, kunemibiko ezincwadini lapho ama-antenna e-broadband exhunywe kuma-rectifier e-narrowband.
Amanethiwekhi okufanisa i-hybrid lumped-element kanye ne-distributed-element asetshenziswe kabanzi kuma-topology C kanye no-D, kanti ama-inductors ochungechunge kanye nama-capacitor yiwona asetshenziswa kakhulu. Lokhu kugwema izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi njenge-interdigitated capacitors, ezidinga ukumodela kanye nokwenziwa okunembe kakhulu kunemigqa ejwayelekile ye-microstrip.
Amandla okufaka ku-rectifier athinta i-input impedance ngenxa yokungahambelani kwe-diode. Ngakho-ke, i-rectenna yakhelwe ukukhulisa i-PCE yezinga elithile lamandla okufaka kanye ne-load impedance. Njengoba ama-diode ngokuyinhloko e-capacitive high impedance kuma-frequency angaphansi kwe-3 GHz, ama-broadband rectenna aqeda amanethiwekhi afanayo noma anciphise ama-simpler matching circuits agxile kuma-frequency Prf>0 dBm nangaphezulu kwe-1 GHz, njengoba ama-diode ene-capacitive impedance ephansi futhi angalinganiswa kahle ne-antenna, ngaleyo ndlela kugwenywe ukwakheka kwama-antenna ane-input reactances >1,000Ω.
Ukufanisa i-impedance eguquguqukayo noma elungisekayo kubonwe kuma-rectenna e-CMOS, lapho inethiwekhi yokufanisa iqukethe amabhange e-capacitor e-on-chip kanye nama-inductor. Amanethiwekhi okufanisa e-CMOS aqinile nawo aphakanyisiwe kuma-antenna ajwayelekile angu-50Ω kanye nama-antenna e-loop aklanywe ngokubambisana. Kubikwe ukuthi ama-detector kagesi e-CMOS angasebenzi asetshenziswa ukulawula amaswishi aqondisa ukuphuma kwe-antenna kuma-rectifier ahlukene kanye namanethiwekhi okufanisa kuye ngamandla atholakalayo. Kuphakanyiswe inethiwekhi yokufanisa elungisekayo esebenzisa ama-capacitor alungisekayo ahlanganisiwe, elungiswa ngokulungisa kahle ngenkathi kulinganiswa i-impedance yokufaka kusetshenziswa i-vector network analyzer. Kumanethiwekhi okufanisa i-microstrip alungisekayo, amaswishi e-transistor yomphumela wensimu asetshenziswe ukulungisa ama-stubs okufanisa ukuze kufezwe izici ze-dual-band.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngama-antenna, sicela uvakashele:
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-09-2024
